du

See also: Appendix:Variations of "du"

Aiwoo

Determiner

du

  1. all

References

Alemannic German

Pronunciation

Pronoun

du

  1. thou, you

Declension

Amanab

Noun

du

  1. a kind of bird

Bambara

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [dúù]

Noun

du

  1. household

References

Breton

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *duβ, from Proto-Celtic *dubus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈdyː/

Adjective

du

  1. black
  2. swollen
  3. starved

Noun

du m

  1. black

Mutation

Cornish

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *duβ, from Proto-Celtic *dubus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

Pronunciation

  • (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA(key): [dyː]
  • (Revived Late Cornish) IPA(key): [diˑʊ]

Adjective

du

  1. black

Mutation

Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Danish thu, from Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /du/, [d̥u]

Pronoun

du (objective dig)

  1. (personal) thou, you (2nd person singular subject pronoun, informal)
See also

Etymology 2

From Old Danish dughæ, from Old Norse duga.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /duː/, [d̥uːˀ]

Verb

du (imperative du, present dur or duer, past duede, past participle duet)

  1. be good
  2. be fit

Dena'ina

Particle

du

  1. interrogative particle (placed at the end of the sentence to make a question)

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch du, from Old Dutch thū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronoun

du

  1. (obsolete or dialectal) Second-person singular, subjective; thou.

Elfdalian

Etymology

From Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognate with Swedish du.

Pronoun

du

  1. you (singular), thou

Esperanto

Esperanto cardinal numbers
 <  1 2 3  > 
    Cardinal : du
    Ordinal : dua
    Adverbial : due
    Multiplier : duobla
    Fractional : duona

Etymology

From Latin duo, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /du/
  • Audio(file)

Numeral

du

  1. (cardinal) two (2)

Derived terms

French

Etymology

From Old French del.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /dy/
  • audio(file)
  • (Quebec) IPA(key): /dz(y)/
  • Homophones: dû, due, dues, dus, dûs

Contraction

du

  1. Contraction of de + le (of the)
  2. Contraction of de + le; forms the partitive article

Usage notes

  • The partitive article signifies "some", but it often is not translated in English, Dutch, or German.

Gaikundi

Noun

du

  1. man

Further reading

German

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old High German du (akin to Old Saxon thu and English thou), itself from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

  • (standard, generally) IPA(key): /duː/
  • audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -uː
  • (colloquially in unstressed position) IPA(key): /də/
  • In colloquial speech in Germany, the /d/ can assimilate to a preceding coronal when the word is unstressed. This always happens after the second person singular verb ending, except in purposefully enunciated speech.

Pronoun

du

  1. thou, you (singular familiar)

Usage notes

  • Du is the informal second person pronoun. In polite speech, the third person plural Sie (always capitalised) is used instead.
  • A general rule of thumb is that du is used to address one's friends, relatives, and those under about 16 years of age. Du is always used to address children and non-human beings.
  • Usage also depends on the setting: two unacquainted, middle-aged persons are likely to use du when they meet at social gatherings, but much less so when they happen on each other in the street.
  • Usage varies throughout the German-speaking world. For example, strangers may call each other du more readily in Berlin than in Munich.

Inflection

1Often capitalized, especially in letters

Derived terms

Further reading

  • du in Duden online

Gothic

Romanization

du

  1. Romanization of 𐌳𐌿

Hunsrik

Etymology

From Old High German du (akin to Old Saxon thu and English thou), itself from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /tuː/, /tə/

Pronoun

du

  1. thou, you
    Du bist aarich scheen.
    You are so beautiful.

Inflection

Further reading

Ido

Ido cardinal numbers
 <  1 2 3  > 
    Cardinal : du
    Ordinal : duesma
    Adverbial : dufoye
    Multiplier : duopla
    Fractional : duima
Ido Wikipedia article on du

Etymology

From Esperanto du, from French deux, Spanish dos, Italian due, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

Numeral

du

  1. (cardinal) two (2)

Interlingue

Numeral

du

  1. two

Kalasha

Etymology

From Sanskrit द्व (dva), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Hindi दो (do), Bhojpuri दू (dū), Konkani दोन (don).

Numeral

du

  1. (cardinal) two; 2

Kurdish

Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *duu̯a (compare Persian دو‎ (do), Pashto دوه‎ (dwa), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀‎ (duua)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian (compare Sanskrit द्व (dvá), Marathi दोन (don), Hindi दो (do)/Urdu دو‎ (do), Punjabi ਦੋ (dō)), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (compare Russian два (dva), Lithuanian du, Greek δύο (dýo), Spanish dos, English two).

Numeral

du

  1. (cardinal) two (2)

Lithuanian

Etymology

From Proto-Baltic *duwō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Latvian divi. Cognate to Latin duo.

Numeral

Lithuanian cardinal numbers
 <  1 2 3  > 
    Cardinal : du
    Ordinal : antras

du m (feminine dvi)

  1. (cardinal) two (2)

Declension

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *jьdǫ (first-person singular) and *jьdǫtь (third-person plural), inflected forms of *jьti.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /du/

Verb

du

  1. inflection of hyś:
    1. first-person singular present
    2. third-person plural present

Synonyms

  • (first-person singular): źom

Luxembourgish

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *þū.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /duː/

Pronoun

du

  1. second-person singular, informal, nominative: you, thou
    Wéi al bass du? ― How old are you?

Declension

Mandarin

Romanization

du

  1. Nonstandard spelling of dū.
  2. Nonstandard spelling of dú.
  3. Nonstandard spelling of dǔ.
  4. Nonstandard spelling of dù.

Usage notes

  • English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch thū, from Proto-Germanic *þū.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /dyː/, /dy/
  • (Limburg) IPA(key): /duː/, /du/

Pronoun

du

  1. thou, you (singular, informal)
    Synonym: gi

Usage notes

This pronoun began to be replaced by gi in formal address during the Middle Dutch period, and eventually fell out of use altogether.

Inflection

Descendants

  • Limburgish: doe

Further reading

  • “du”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
  • “du”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, 1929

Middle Low German

Etymology

From Old Saxon thū, from Proto-Germanic *þū.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /duː/

Pronoun

dû

  1. thou, you (second person singular nominative)

Declension

Descendants

Norman

Etymology

From Latin dux, ducem.

Noun

du m

  1. duke
  • duchie

North Frisian

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old Frisian dwā, from Proto-Germanic *dōną. Cognates include West Frisian dwaan, English do.

Verb

du

  1. (Föhr-Amrum) to do
  2. (Föhr-Amrum) to give

Conjugation

Northern Sami

Pronunciation

  • (Kautokeino) IPA(key): /ˈtuː/

Pronoun

dū

  1. accusative and genitive of don

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /dʉː/

Pronoun

du (objective case deg)

  1. thou, you (second person, singular)

References

See also

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /dʉː/ (example of pronunciation)

Pronoun

du (objective case deg)

  1. thou, you (second person, singular)

References

See also

Novial

Novial cardinal numbers
 <  1 2 3  > 
    Cardinal : du
    Ordinal : duesmi

Numeral

du

  1. (cardinal) two


Obokuitai

Noun

du

  1. bird

Further reading

Bill Palmer, The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area (→ISBN, 2017), page 531, table 95, Comparative basic vocabulary in Lakes Plain Languages

Old French

Alternative forms

Contraction

du

  1. contraction of de + le (of the)

Old High German

one drawing of the inscription on the Bülach fibula

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *þū, whence also Old English þu, Old Norse þú, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Perhaps the earliest attestation of the pronoun is the inscription on the Bülach fibula, which may show ᛞᚢ (du) already differentiated from other Germanic languages’ þu.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

du

  1. thou, you (second-person singular pronoun)
    • 3rd-6th century, inscription on the Bülach fibula:
      ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...
      frifridil / du / […]
      Frifridil, you / […]

Inflection

Old high German personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative
SingularFirst ihmīnmirmih
Second dūdīndirdih
Third Masculine (h)er(sīn)imu, imoinan, in
Feminine siu; sī, siira, iruirosia
Neuter izes, isimu, imoiz
Plural First wirunsērunsunsih
Second iriuwēriuiuwih
ThirdMasculine sieiroim, insie
Feminine sioiroim, insio
Neuter siuiroim, insiu
Polite formSecond  iriuwēriuiuwih

Descendants

  • German: du

See also

  • fridil (“a pet name for a male lover”)

References

  • Heinz Klingenberg, Runenfibel von Bülach, Kanton Zürich. Liebesinschrift aus alemannischer Frühzeit, in the Alemannisches Jahrbuch (1973/75), page 308
  • Heinz Klingenberg, Die Runeninschrift aus Bülach, in Helvetia archaeologica, volume 7 (1976), pages 116–121
  • Stephan Opitz, Südgermanische Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark aus der Merowingerzeit (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1977)

Pennsylvania German

Etymology

Compare German du, English thou, Swedish du.

Pronoun

du

  1. you

Romanian

Pronunciation

Verb

du

  1. second-person singular imperative of duce.
    Du-te acasă.
    Go home.

Swedish

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old Swedish þū, from Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /dʉː/, [d̪ʉː]
  • audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -ʉː

Pronoun

du

  1. (personal) you (familiar sg.).
  2. (personal) thou.

Usage notes

While du is the traditionally familiar mode of address, it is since the early '70s the standard in almost all circumstances, possibly capitalized in formal communications. This was the result of the so-called du-reformen.

Recently, use of the second-person plural pronoun ni as a less familiar (and thus more formal) pronoun has appeared to some extent, but mainly amongst shopkeepers towards the customers.

The same pronoun ni has also been used historically as a formal way of address, but its use has (in particular in Sweden, not so much in Swedish-speaking parts of Finland) been restricted to addressing people of lower social status, whereby a plethora of different constructions were employed as to avoid the issue of pronouns whatsoever. See also the article about T-V distinction in Wikipedia.

Declension

Venetian

Etymology

Compare Italian due

Numeral

du m

  1. two

Synonyms

Vietnamese

Etymology

Sino-Vietnamese word from 遊/游.

Pronunciation

Verb

du

  1. (only in compounds) to walk

Derived terms

Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *duβ, from Proto-Celtic *dubus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

Pronunciation

Adjective

du (feminine singular du, plural duon, equative dued, comparative duach, superlative duaf)

  1. black
    Mae ganddo fo fwstash du.
    He has a black mustache

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radicalsoftnasalaspirate
du ddu nu unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

See also

Colors in Welsh · lliwiau (layout · text)
     gwyn      llwyd      du      brown
             pinc              coch ; rhudd              oren, melyngoch              melyn ; melynwyn
             gwyrdd leim              gwyrdd                           gwyrddlas ; glaswyrdd
             asur, gwynlas              glas              fioled ; indigo              majenta ; porffor

White Hmong

Adjective

du

  1. smooth
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