ir

Pronunciation

• (Zurich) IPA^(key): /ir/

Pronoun

ir

1. you (plural)

Pronoun

ir

1. them

Etymology

From Old Norse eir.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ir/, [iɐ̯]

Noun

ir c (singular definite irren, not used in plural form)

1. verdigris

Verb

ir

1. singular present of wårå

Etymology

From Old Portuguese ir, from Latin īre, present active infinitive of eō; the forms beginning with V from corresponding forms of vādō; the forms beginning with F from the corresponding forms of sum.

Verb

ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fun, past participle ido)

1. to go
2. to work, to function

   —Vai ou non vai? —Non vai.

   Does that work or does it not work? No, it doesn't work.

3. first-person singular personal infinitive of ir
4. third-person singular personal infinitive of ir

See also

• saír

Verb

ir

1. to go

Noun

ir

1. water

References

• Gary Holton and Laura Robinson, The Internal History of the Alor-Pantar language family, in The Alor-Pantar languages: History and Typology, edited by Marian Klamer
• Marian Klamer, One item, many faces: ‘come’ in Teiwa (2010, in wing & Klamer) and Kaera (2014, in Schapper)
• Gary Holton, Marian Klamer, František Kratochvíl, Laura C. Robinson, Antoinette Schapper, The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Panta, Oceanic Linguistics 2012:1

Etymology

Shortened from irā, related to Latvian ir and Lithuanian yra (with the same meaning). In Latgalian, the shortened form ir is mostly used in unstressed positions, while irā is mostly common for stressed positions in the sentence.

Verb

ir

1. is, are (present simple 3rd-person form, singular and plural)

Alternative forms

• hir

Etymology

Cognate with Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ir/, [ɪr]

Noun

ir n (indeclinable)

1. (rare, anatomy) hand

References

• ir in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• ir in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette

Etymology 1

From Proto-Baltic *irā (cf. dialectal, archaic forms irād, iraid, irāg, and also Lithuanian yrà, which existed alongside *esti (cf. Old Church Slavonic єстъ (jestŭ), Russian есть (jest’), Lithuanian dialectal ẽsti, Old Prussian ast), initially with basically existential (“there is”) meaning, but later on extending to all copular meanings, thus replacing *esti. In Sudovian, also the first person form irm (“I am”) is derived from this stem. The origin of Proto-Baltic *irā is, however, unclear. Various sources have been proposed: an older interjection (cf. Lithuanian aurè (“look!”)), the particle and conjunction ir (“both... and...”), a noun with the meaning “existence,” “reality,” “thing,” or even (more recently) the Proto-Indo-European secondary third-person verbal ending *-r with a later -ā-extension.^[1]

Etymology 2

From Proto-Baltic *ir, from the reduced grade *r̥ of Proto-Indo-European *ar (“so, then; question particle”) (whence also Latvian ar (“with”), q.v.). The original meaning “and” (cf. Lithuanian cognate) is found in 16th- and 17th-century texts, but from the 18th century on ir was no longer used in this sense. Cognates include Lithuanian ir̃ (“and”), Old Prussian ir (“also”), er (“(along) with”), Ancient Greek ἄρα, ἄρ', ῥά (ára, ár', rhá, “so, then, therefore”).^[1]

References

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ir (“and, also”), compare Latvian ir, Old Prussian ir (“and, even”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥- (“thus, so”); compare Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, “so, then, consequently”). If the original meaning was "fittingly, accordingly", the root may be identical to *h₂er- (“fit together”), see artì (“near”) for more.

Proto-Slavic *i (“and, even”) is probably not related.

Conjunction

ir̃

1. (coordinating, cumulative) and, too
2. (coordinating, illative) and, so

   Bùvo gražùs óras, ir̃ mẽs nùtarėme keliáuti. - the weather was nice, and (=so) we decided to travel.

3. (coordinating, correlative) both … and …

Particle

ir̃

1. (emphatic) even, and

   Mán ir̃ tõ nepavỹko padarýt! - I didn't even manage that!

2. (emphatic) exactly, just, precisely

   Jìs ir̃ yrà tàs žmogùs, apiẽ kùrį kal̃bame. - It's him that we're talking about

3. (interrogative) and, so

   Nà, ir̃ kàs! - So what!

Etymology 1

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• ī

Etymology

From Old Norse ír, variant of ér, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, variant of *jūz.

Pronoun

īr

1. you (plural)

Alternative forms

• hir (obsolete)
• yr (obsolete)

Etymology

From Old Portuguese ir, from Latin īre, present active infinitive of eō (from Proto-Italic *eō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-); the forms beginning with V from corresponding forms of vādō; the forms beginning with F from the corresponding forms of sum.

Pronunciation

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈiɾ/
• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/
  • Homophone: i (with -r dropping)

Verb

ir (first-person singular present indicative vou, past participle ido)

1. (intransitive, or transitive with para or a or até) to go (to move to a destination)

   Vamos a pé?

   Do we go on foot?

   Eles foram ao shopping.

   They went to the mall.

   Queríamos ir para casa.

   We wanted to go home.

2. (auxiliary, with an infinitive) will; to be going to; forms the future tense

   Vou comprar um sapato.

   I will buy a shoe.

   Nós não íamos fazer nada.

   We weren’t going to do anything.

3. (auxiliary, with a gerund) to keep on; to go on; ~ on; forms the continuative aspect

   A água vai escorrendo até acabar.

   The water keeps on leaking until it is all gone.

4. (takes a reflexive pronoun) to go; to leave; to depart

   Os homens já se foram todos.

   All the men have left already.

5. (intransitive, or transitive with para or em or a) to attend; to go to (to be present in an event)

   Sinto muito, não poderei ir à sua festa.

   I’m sorry, I won’t be able to go to your party.

6. (transitive with até) to go on until; to last to

   A batalha foi até as duas da manhã.

   The battle went on until two AM.

7. (intransitive, or transitive with em) to do; to fare (to have a good or bad result)

   Fui muito mal em quase todas as provas.

   I did very bad in nearly all the tests.

8. (intransitive) to be doing (formula used in greetings)

   “Como vai?” “Vou bem, obrigado.”

   “How are you doing?” “I am doing fine, thanks.”

9. (takes a reflexive pronoun) to be gone (depleted, destroyed; no longer usable)

   Porcaria! Minha TV se foi.

   Damn it! My TV is gone.

10. (euphemistic, takes a reflexive pronoun) to leave us; to depart (to die)

    Uma oração para os que já se foram.

    A prayer for those who have already left us.

11. (intransitive) to go (to begin an action or process)

    Um, dois, três, vai!

    One, two, three, go!

    O sinal verde ainda não foi!

    The green light still didn’t light up.

    Vamos!

    Get on with it!

12. (transitive with com) to match; to go with (to form a good combination with)

    Este casaco não vai bem com os sapatos.

    This jacket doesn't go well with the shoes.

13. (transitive with com) to like or tolerate someone or something

    Parece que ninguém vai comigo.

    It seems nobody likes me.

14. (transitive with por) to follow (to take into account when making choices)

    Vai pela razão, não pelos sentimentos.

    Follow reason, not feelings.

    Se a luz não acender, pode encontrar o livro indo pelo tato.

    If the light doesn’t turn on, you can find the book by following your sense of touch.

    Vai por mim.

    Trust me.

15. (transitive with de) to range from (to encompass values between two given extremes)

    As perguntas iam do fácil ao díficil.

    The questions ranged from easy to difficult.

16. (poker, intransitive) to call (to match the amount of chips in the pot)
    • 2012, Luís Fernando Veríssimo, “Os pêssegos”, in Diálogos Impossíveis, Editora Objetiva, →ISBN, page 29:

      Não se ouvia mais nada, além dos ruídos naturais do pôquer. O clicar das fichas. Frases curtas: "Dou cartas." "Vou." "Não vou." "Pago pra ver." "Não é possível!"

Alternative forms

• (Surmiran) eir

Etymology

From Latin eō, īre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-. The forms beginning with V derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādō.

Verb

ir

1. (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Puter, Vallader) to go

Verb

ir

1. (South Scots) Second-person simple present form of ti be
2. (South Scots) Plural simple present form of ti be

See also

• im
• is

Etymology

The infinitive and forms beginning with i or y are from Latin īre, present active infinitive of eō (from Proto-Italic *eō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-); the forms beginning with v from corresponding forms of vādō; the forms beginning with f probably from forms of sum or fugio.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈiɾ/

Verb

ir (first-person singular present voy, first-person singular preterite fui, past participle ido)

1. to go
2. (reflexive) to go away, to leave (see irse)
3. (with a followed by the infinitive), to be going to (near future)

   Hoy vamos a ver una película.

   Today we are going to see a movie.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iːr/

Adjective

ir (feminine singular ir, plural irion, equative ired, comparative irach, superlative iraf)

1. raw, unprocessed
2. fresh, succulent

Mutation

Pronoun

ir

1. Third-person singular pronoun; he, she, it