jo

See also: Appendix:Variations of "jo"

English

Etymology

From Scots jo (“joy”).

Pronunciation

Noun

jo (plural jos)

  1. (Scotland) Darling, sweetheart.
    • 1711, traditional, published by James Watson, Old Long Syne:
      On Old long syne my Jo,
      on Old long syne,
      That thou canst never once reflect,
      on Old long syne.
    • My Jo Janet (traditional Scottish song)
      Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet;
      There ye'll see your bonnie sel',
      My jo, Janet.

Anagrams

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *nio (“not, no”), from Proto-Indo-European *nĕ, *nē (“negative particle”). Compare Latin ne, Welsh neu, Old English na, Lithuanian ne (“not”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /jɔ/
  • Audio(file)

Determiner

jo

  1. no, not

Basque

Verb

jo

  1. to hit, strike, punch
  2. (music) to play
    Gitarra jo nahi dut. - I want to play the guitar.
  3. to knock, rap
    Gizon itsusi batek etxeko atea jo du. - An ugly man knocked on the door.
  4. to crash
  5. to head, go
  6. (wind) to blow

Conjugation

Synonyms

Bavarian

Adverb

jo

  1. yes

Catalan

Etymology

From Old Occitan eu, from Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego, from Proto-Italic *egō, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

  • (Central) IPA(key): /ˈʒɔ/
  • (Valencian) IPA(key): /ˈjo/, /ˈjɔ/
  • Rhymes: -o, -ɔ

Pronoun

jo (strong)

  1. I
  2. (after certain prepositions) me

Declension

Synonyms

  • mi (after most prepositions)

Noun

jo m (uncountable)

  1. ego (the self)
    Synonym: ego

Further reading

Czech

Pronunciation

  • Audio(file)

Particle

jo

  1. (colloquial) yeah, yep

Synonyms

Antonyms

Dalmatian

Etymology

From Latin ubi. Compare Romanian iuo, Italian ove, French où, Old Spanish o.

Pronunciation

Adverb

jo

  1. where

Danish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Middle Low German jo. Used like Swedish ju, German ja.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [jo] (unstressed in context)

Adverb

jo

  1. as you know or should know; sometimes vaguely translatable as after all or obviously
    • 2015, Henriette E. Møller, Jelne, Gyldendal A/S →ISBN
      Jeg ved ikke, hvad de talte om, hendes sind blev så mørkt, jeg kunne jo ikke rigtigt snakke med hende.
      I do not know of what they spoke, her mind became so dark, I could not really talk with her, as you should be able to see.
    • 2009, Sven Arvid Birkeland, I krigens kølvand: danske skæbner efter 2. verdenskrig, Gyldendal A/S →ISBN, page 479
      Han gik jo ikke i krig i håb om, at det skulle blive den store sejr
      After all, he did not go to war in the hopes of achieving great victory.
    • 2016, Anita Krumbach, Dorte Lilmose, Hanne Kvist, Helle Perrier, Iben Mondrup, Louis Jensen, Ronnie Andersen, Sissel Bergfjord, Svend Åge Madsen, Tomas Lagermand Lundme, Det du ikke ved: Noveller for unge, Gyldendal A/S →ISBN
      Jeg mener, at selv ens eget navn eller alder KAN man jo ikke være 100 procent sikker på er Dennis/17, vel?
      I mean, one obviously cannot even be 100% sure that one's own name or age are Dennis and 17, can one?

Conjunction

jo

  1. the
    Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.
    The more I run, the more tired I become.
Usage notes

jo ... desto ..., jo ... des ... are common constructions.

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈjɔʊ̯ˀ]

Interjection

jo

  1. yes (used to contradict a negative statement or negatively phrased question) (often followed by I do, he is, etc. in English to indicate contradiction rather than affirmation); identical in usage to the French si. Contrasts with ja which confirms positive statements or positively phrased questions.
    Du elsker mig ikke, gør du vel? — Jo!
    You don't love me, do you? — Yes, I do!
    Jeg har ikke gjort noget! — Jo!
    I didn't do anything! — Yes, you did!

Usage notes

Negatively phrased questions like Kommer du ikke?, Du kommer ikke, vel?, Du kommer ikke? ("Are you not coming?", "You are not coming, are you?", "You are not coming?") must be answered with jo to indicate that the speaker is, in fact, coming; they cannot be answered with ja ("yes").

References

Dutch

Etymology

From English yo.

Interjection

jo

  1. hi
    Ey! - Jo! - Hey! - Hi!
  2. bye
    Later! - Jo! - Later! - Bye!
  3. you too
    Fijn weekend! - Jo! - Have a nice weekend! - You too!

Esperanto

Noun

jo (accusative singular jo-on, plural jo-oj, accusative plural jo-ojn)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.

See also

Finnish

Etymology

Cognate with Estonian ju. According to EES ultimately borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju, compare Gothic 𐌾𐌿 (ju, “already”), Old High German ju (“already”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈjo/
  • Rhymes: -o
  • Hyphenation: jo

Adverb

jo

  1. already
    Luin kirjan jo loppuun.
    I already finished the book.
  2. now (emphasizing word)
    (impatiently) Tule jo!
    Come now!

See also

Friulian

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego.; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronoun

jo

  1. I

See also

German

Alternative forms

  • joa

Etymology 1

Alteration of ja (“yes”) or the respective dialectal cognates.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /jɔː/

Interjection

jo

  1. (colloquial) yes, yeah, well; expresses agreement in a hesitant or ponderous manner.

Etymology 2

From the respective dialectal words for yes in about half of Northern and Central Germany and all of Western Germany (compare Low German ja, jo). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes, thus, so”), possibly from an unrecorded root. The form with /oː/ must have existed in the middle ages already, since the word often partakes in the same sound shifts as words with /oː/ from other sources, cf. Swedish jo.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /joː/

Interjection

jo

  1. (colloquial) yes; expresses firm agreement.

Ingrian

Adverb

jo

  1. already

Italian

Pronoun

jo

  1. Obsolete form of io.

Japanese

Romanization

jo

  1. Rōmaji transcription of じょ
  2. Rōmaji transcription of ジョ
  3. Rōmaji transcription of ぢょ
  4. Rōmaji transcription of ヂョ

Karelian

Adverb

jo

  1. already

Kashubian

Interjection

jo

  1. yes

Konabéré

Pronunciation

  • (Kouka) IPA(key): /ɟō/
  • (Tansilla Toma) IPA(key): /ɟû/

Noun

jo

  1. water

Alternative forms

Further reading

Latvian

Conjunction

jo

  1. because
  2. for

Particle

jo

  1. the... the...
    jo vairāk naudas, jo labāk ― the more money the better

Lithuanian

Pronunciation

Determiner

jo

  1. his (3rd person singular masculine possessive)

Pronoun

jo m

  1. (third-person singular) genitive form of jis.

Particle

jo

  1. (colloquial) yes

Livonian

Alternative forms

Etymology 1

Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jo (“because, yet (more)”), /juo/.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /jo/

Preposition

jo

  1. more; used with adjectives to form comparatives

Etymology 2

Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jau (“yet, already, after all”). However, compare also Finnish jo (“already”), thus ultimately a common Finnic borrowing from Proto-Germanic [Term?] that has likely been contaminated by the more figurative senses of Latvian jau, with the latter ultimately a distant cognate of the initial Germanic borrowing.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /jo/

Preposition

jo

  1. yet, already, after all
    • Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
      mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ
      bumblebees, they are already migrating to their burrows (lit. "going inside of earth")
      amād jo ītist äb peļļõt
      not everyone makes the same [amount of money] (lit. "everyone after all doesn't earn the same")

Usage notes

  • LĒL only lists jo without listing any instances of juo. Livonian-Latvian-Livonian dictionary, in turn, only lists juo for the comparative forming preposition sense.
  • LĒL doesn't explicitly list the second sense that seems to exactly mirror Latvian jau (including the more figurative applications.) Such a function, however, is inferred from the many usage examples available in the dictionary. As a translation of Latvian jau (strictly in its temporal sense) LĒL lists jõbā (“already”), cf. Estonian juba.

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [jɔ]

Particle

jo

  1. yes (word used to show agreement or acceptance)

Verb

jo

  1. third-person singular present of byś

Pronoun

jo

  1. accusative of wóno

Alternative forms

  • njo (after preposition)

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /joː/
  • Rhymes: -oː
  • Homophone: Jo

Adverb

jo

  1. yes

See also

Verb

jo

  1. second-person singular imperative of joen

Northern Sami

Adverb

jo

  1. already
  2. now

Norwegian

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old Norse jaur.

Pronunciation

  • Audio(file)

Adverb

jo

  1. yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
    Du har ikke pusset tennene vel? - Jo, det har jeg.
    You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have.
  2. yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)
    Vil du være med? - Jo...
    Do you want to join? - I'm not sure...

Usage notes

Ja can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In example 1, agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.

Occitan

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʒu/, /ju/

Etymology 1

From Old Occitan eu, from Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego. Compare Catalan jo, Old French jeo.

Pronoun

jo

  1. (Gascony) I

Etymology 2

From Old Occitan (compare Catalan jou), from Latin jugum, iugum (compare French joug, Italian giogo), from Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.

Noun

jo m

  1. yoke

Old French

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *eo, attested from the 6th century in Romance, from Latin ego.

Pronoun

jo

  1. I

Old Frisian

Pronoun

jō

  1. Alternative form of jū, accusative and dative form of jī

Declension

Plautdietsch

Adverb

jo

  1. yes

Spanish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /xo/

Interjection

¡jo!

  1. stop, woah (especially when commanding a horse or imitative thereof)

Etymology 2

Euphemistic clipping of joder.

Interjection

¡jo!

  1. Used to express surprise, amazement, or confusion.
    ¡Jo!
    I never heard anything like that before.
    ¡Jo!
    Are you serious?
    ¡Jo!
    Boy!

Further reading

Swedish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /juː/

Interjection

jo

  1. yes; used as a disagreement to a negative statement or a negatively phrased question.
    Du har inte borstat tänderna, eller hur? - Jo, det har jag.
    "You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have."

Usage notes

Ja (yes) can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In the example above agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.

In northern Sweden it is however not uncommon for the word jo to be used in place of ja in all cases, at least in spoken language.

Anagrams

Veps

Etymology

Related to Finnish jo.

Adverb

jo

  1. already

References

  • Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “уж, уже”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

West Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian jū, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. Compare English you, Dutch jou, u, Low German jo, ju, German euch.

Pronoun

jo

  1. you (polite)
  2. your (polite)

Usage notes

Though it is a singular pronoun, jo takes the plural conjugation of verbs.

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