in

See also: Appendix:Variations of "in"
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English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Middle English in, from Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in (whence German in, Dutch in, Danish and Norwegian i), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én, whence also Latin in, Irish i, Welsh yn, Ancient Greek ἐν (en) (modern Greek εν (en)), Old Armenian ի (i), Old Church Slavonic въ(н) (vŭ(n)), Russian в (v), Old Prussian en, Lithuanian į.

Preposition

A green pepper in a black rectangle.
A dog in a sink.

in

  1. Used to indicate location, inclusion, or position within spatial, temporal or other limits
    1. Contained by.
      The dog is in the kennel.
    2. Within.
    3. Surrounded by.
      We are in the enemy camp.   Her plane is in the air.
    4. Part of; a member of.
      One in a million.   She's in band and orchestra.
    5. Pertaining to (that particular thing).
      What grade did he get in English?
    6. At the end of a period of time.
      They said they would call us in a week.
    7. Within a certain elapsed time
      Are you able to finish this in three hours?   The massacre resulted in over 1000 deaths in three hours.
    8. During (said of periods of time).
      in the first week of December;  Easter falls in the fourth lunar month;   The country reached a high level of prosperity in his first term.
    9. (grammar, phonetics, of sounds and letters) Coming at the end of a word.
      English nouns in -ce form their plurals in -s.
  2. Into.
    • 2011 January 8, Paul Fletcher, “Stevenage 3-1 Newcastle”, in BBC:
      The ball was accidentally kicked in Kevin Nolan's face in the opening seconds of the contest - an incident that set the tone for an extremely uncomfortable encounter for the Premier League side.
    Less water gets in your boots this way.
  3. used to indicate limit, qualification, condition, or circumstance
    • 1898, J. Meade Falkner, Moonfleet Chapter 4
      In returning to the vault, I had no very sure purpose in mind; only a vague surmise that this finding of Blackbeard's coffin would somehow lead to the finding of his treasure.
    In replacing the faucet washers, he felt he was making his contribution to the environment.
    1. Indicating an order or arrangement.
      My fat rolls around in folds.
    2. Denoting a state of the subject.
      He stalked away in anger.   John is in a coma.
    3. Indicates, connotatively, a place-like form of someone's (or something's) personality, as his, her or its psychic and physical characteristics.
      You've got a friend in me.   He's met his match in her.
    4. Wearing (an item of clothing).
      I glanced over at the pretty girl in the red dress.
  4. used to indicate means, medium, format, genre, or instrumentality
    1. (of something offered or given in an exchange) In the form of, in the denomination of.
      Please pay me in cash — preferably in tens and twenties.
      The deposit can be in any legal tender, even in gold.
      Her generosity was rewarded in the success of its recipients.
      • 2014, Carla Bethmann, Clean, Friendly, Profitable?: Tourism, page 114:
        […] tourists sometimes attempt to pay in euros or British pounds.
    2. used to indicate medium, format, or genre
      1. Indicates a language, script, tone, etc. of a text, speech, etc.
        Beethoven's "Symphony No. 5" in C minor is among his most popular.   His speech was in French, but was simultaneously translated into eight languages.
      2. Indicates a language, script, tone, etc. of writing, speaking, etc.
        When you write in cursive, it's illegible.   He spoke in French, but his speech was simultaneously translated into eight languages.
Hyponyms
Derived terms
Translations
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.

Verb

in (third-person singular simple present ins, present participle inning, simple past and past participle inned)

  1. (obsolete, transitive) To enclose.
  2. (obsolete, transitive) To take in; to harvest.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Shakespeare
      He that ears my land spares my team and gives me leave to in the crop.

Etymology 2

From Middle English in, from Old English inne.

Adverb

in (not comparable)

  1. (not comparable) Located indoors, especially at home or the office, or inside something.
    Is Mr. Smith in?
  2. Moving to the interior of a defined space, such as a building or room.
    Suddenly a strange man walked in.
    • 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter II, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], OCLC 752825175, page 071:
      Orion hit a rabbit once; but though sore wounded it got to the bury, and, struggling in, the arrow caught the side of the hole and was drawn out. Indeed, a nail filed sharp is not of much avail as an arrowhead; you must have it barbed, and that was a little beyond our skill.
  3. (sports) Still eligible to play, e.g. able to bat in cricket and baseball.
    He went for the wild toss but wasn't able to stay in.
  4. (Britain) Abbreviation of in aid of.
    What's that in?
  5. After the beginning of something.
    • 2011 October 1, Phil Dawkes, “Sunderland 2-2 West Brom”, in BBC Sport:
      The Black Cats had a mountain to climb after James Morrison's header and Shane Long's neat side-foot finish gave Albion a 2-0 lead five minutes in.
Translations
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.

Noun

in (plural ins)

  1. A position of power or a way to get it.
    His parents got him an in with the company
  2. (sports) The state of a batter/batsman who is currently batting – see innings
  3. A re-entrant angle; a nook or corner.
Antonyms
Translations

Adjective

in (comparative more in, superlative most in)

  1. In fashion; popular.
    Skirts are in this year.
  2. Incoming.
    the in train
  3. (nautical, of the sails of a vessel) Furled or stowed.
  4. (law) With privilege or possession; used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin.
    in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband
    (Can we find and add a quotation of Burrill to this entry?)
  5. (cricket) Currently batting.
Translations

Etymology 3

Abbreviation of inch.

Noun

in (plural ins)

  1. Inch.

References

  • Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "Bounded landmarks", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8

Anagrams

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch in.

Adverb

in

  1. in; inside; within

Preposition

in

  1. in
  2. into

Ayomán

Noun

in

  1. water

References

  • Luis Oramas, Materiales para el estudio de los dialectos Ayamán, Gayón, Jirajara, Ajagua (1916)

Baure

Noun

in

  1. water

References

  • Swintha Danielsen, Baure: An Arawak Language of Bolivia

Chinese

For pronunciation and definitions of in – see 𪜶 (“they, them; their, theirs; etc.”).
(This character, in, is the Pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 𪜶.)

Chuukese

Noun

in

  1. mother

Classical Nahuatl

Article

in

  1. the

Pronoun

in, īn

  1. (demonstrative) this; these

Derived terms

References

  • Michel Launey; Christopher Mackay (2011) An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, Amazon Kindle: Cambridge University Press, pages Loc 1408

Danish

Adjective

in (neuter in, plural and definite singular attributive in)

  1. (colloquial) fashionable, in

Antonyms

Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch in, from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *en.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɪn/
  • audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɪn

Adverb

in

  1. in, inside
  2. (postpositional) into
    De jongen rende het huis in.
    The boy ran into the house.

Preposition

in

  1. in; expressing containment.
    De geest in de fles
    the genie in the bottle

Inflection

Synonyms

Antonyms

Derived terms

Adjective

in (used only predicatively, not comparable)

  1. in style

Verb

in

  1. first-person singular present indicative of innen
  2. imperative of innen

Emilian

Etymology

From Latin inde (“thence”). Cognate with Catalan en, French en, Italian ne.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /in/
  • Hyphenation: in

Pronoun

in (adverbial)

  1. (genitive case) of it, of them
    Vô-t di pām? A t’in dāg dû.
    Do you want some apples? I will give you two (of them).
  2. (genitive case) about it, about them
    A t’in avîva descòurs ajêr.
    I talked to you about it yesterday.
  3. (ablative case) from here
    A sòun stùf, a m’in vāg.
    I am tired, I am leaving (from here).

Alternative forms

  • Becomes n- before a vowel (proclitic).
A-g n-ò dimándi. ― I have a lot (of them).
  • Becomes -en when acting as an enclitic (after a consonant).
Mānjen un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, singular)
  • Becomes -n when acting as an enclitic (after a vowel).
Manjēn un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, plural)

Friulian

Etymology

From Latin in, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

Preposition

in

  1. in

German

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʔɪn/
  • audio(file)

Etymology 1

From Old High German in, from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.

Preposition

in

  1. (in + dative) in; within; at; contained by
    Es ist im Haus. ― It is in the house.
  2. (in + dative) pertaining to
  3. (in + accusative) into
    Er geht ins Haus. ― He goes into the house.
Usage notes

The preposition in is used with accusative case if the verb shows movement from one place to another, whereas it is used with dative case if the verb shows location.

Derived terms
  • (in + dem) im m, n
  • (in + das) ins n
  • in der Zwickmühle stecken

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English in.

Adjective

in (not comparable)

  1. in, popular
Declension

Gothic

Romanization

in

  1. Romanization of 𐌹𐌽

Interlingua

Preposition

in

  1. in

Irish

Preposition

in (plus dative, triggers eclipsis)

  1. Alternative form of i

Usage notes

This variant of i is used before vowel-initial words, before bhur (“your pl”), before dhá (“two”), before titles of books, films, and the like, and before foreign words that resist mutation.

In older texts, the n is spelled together with a vowel-initial word (e.g. i n-aice le instead of modern in aice le (“beside”) and i nÉirinn or i n-Éirinn instead of modern in Éirinn (“in Ireland”). Also in older texts, in bhur may be spelled i nbhur.

Istriot

Etymology

From Latin in.

Preposition

in

  1. in; on
    • 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 99:
      Cume li va puleîto in alto mare!
      How they row well on the high seas!

Italian

Etymology

From Latin in, from Old Latin en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈin/, [ˈin̺]

Preposition

in

  1. in
    Ho qualcosa in tasca. ― I have got something in my pocket.
    Partirò in primavera. ― I will be leaving in spring.
  2. to
    Sono andato in panetteria. ― I went to the bakery.
  3. into
  4. by
    Vado a scuola in autobus. ― I go to school by bus.
  5. on
    Ho messo un cappello in testa. ― I put a hat on my head.
    Metti il pane in tavola. ― Put the bread on the table.

Usage notes

  • When followed by the definite article, in is combined with the article to produce the following combined forms:
in + article Combined form
in + il nel
in + lo nello
in + l' nell'
in + i nei
in + gli negli
in + la nella
in + le nelle

Anagrams

Japanese

Romanization

in

  1. Rōmaji transcription of いん

Ladin

Preposition

in

  1. in

Latin

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old Latin en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ἐν (en), Old Prussian en and Old English in (English in).

Pronunciation

Preposition

in

  1. (+ ablative) in, at, on (space)
    • 29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III
      omne adeo genvs in terris hominvmqve ferarvmqve
      et genvs æqvorevm pecvdes pictæqve volvcres
      in fvrias ignemqve rvvnt
      So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
      whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged,
      collapse into the frenzies and the fire.
  2. (+ dative) within (time)
  3. (+ accusative) into, to
    • 29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III
      omne adeo genvs in terris hominvmqve ferarvmqve
      et genvs æqvorevm pecvdes pictæqve volvcres
      in fvrias ignemqve rvvnt
      So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
      whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged,
      collapse into the frenzies and the fire.
    • 1774, Finnur Jónsson, Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ 1
      De introductione religionis Christianæ in Islandiam.
      On the introduction of Christianity to Iceland.
  4. (+ accusative) about
  5. (+ accusative) according to
  6. (+ accusative) against

Antonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Aromanian: ãn
  • Catalan: en
  • Dalmatian: en
  • Franco-Provençal: en
  • French: en
  • Friulian: in
  • Italian: in
  • Occitan: en
  • Portuguese: em
  • Romanian: în
  • Romansch: en
  • Sicilian: n
  • Spanish: en

Quotations

  • For quotations of use of this term, see Citations:in.

Ligurian

Etymology 1

From Latin in, from Old Latin en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /iŋ/

Preposition

in

  1. in
in + article Combined form
in + o ne-o
in + a ne-a
in + i ne-i
in + e ne-e
Synonyms

Etymology 2

With iotacism, from un (“a, an”, indefinite article).

Pronunciation

Article

in

  1. a, an (male)
Usage notes
  • This form is found:
    • in sentence-initial position, or after a punctuation mark
    • after words ending in /ŋ/

Mapudungun

Verb

in (using Raguileo Alphabet)

  1. To eat.
  2. First-person singular realis mood form of in.

See also

References

  • Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

Middle Dutch

Etymology 1

From Old Dutch in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

Preposition

in [+accusative or dative]

  1. in, inside, within
  2. into
  3. within (a time period)
  4. in (a condition)
Descendants
  • Dutch: in
  • Limburgish: in

Etymology 2

See etymology on the main entry.

Contraction

in

  1. Contraction of ic ne.

Further reading

  • “in”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
  • “in (VI)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, 1929

Middle English

Etymology 1

From Old English inn.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Noun

in (plural innes)

  1. Any kind of accomodation; particularly:
    1. A holiday home or guesthouse; a house set up as accomodation.
    2. An inn or hostel; a building with multiple rooms to let.
    3. A camp used by an army; barracks.
  2. A home or house; habitation or housing one lives in.
  3. A dormitory; housing for students.
Descendants
References

Etymology 2

From Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /in/, /iː/, /i/, /ən/

Preposition

in

  1. in; with the following special senses:
    1. in, inside; encircled or confined by, with the following special senses:
      1. inside, within (a text or document)
      2. inside, within (one's mind)
      3. inside, in, indoors of.
      4. amongst, in a crowd of.
    2. wearing, having on, clad in
    3. in a quality or mode: with the following special senses:
      1. affected by, under the influence of.
      2. held by someone, in someone's grasp
      3. owned by someone, in someone's control
    4. inside, at or on a location or place.
    5. secured with; bound with
    6. in the midst of, while, currently doing
    7. in (pieces or portions), into.
    8. about; of, on the matter of.
  2. in the form, way, or manner of.
  3. on, above, on top of.
  4. facing at, in the direction of.
  5. Being one of a set or group.
  6. Being owned by; in one's possession.
  7. due to, as, for the reason that.
  8. versus; in conflict with; fighting with.
  9. using, utilising, with the means of.
  10. (rare) with, in the company of.
Usage notes

in is usually postpositive in Middle English. For example, the previous sentence would be in is after þe noun lome Middel Englisch in.

Descendants
References

Etymology 3

From Old English inne, from Proto-Germanic *inna.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Adverb

in

  1. in; with the following special senses:
    1. in, inside; encircled or confined by.
    2. inside, in, in the centre of.
    3. in a quality or mode.
  2. in towards, in the direction of.
  3. on, on top of; above
  4. using, utilising, with the means of.
Descendants
  • English: in
  • Scots: in
References

Etymology 4

Pronoun

in

  1. Alternative form of hine

References

Mohegan-Pequot

Noun

in

  1. man (adult male)

References

  • A Vocabulary of Mohegan-Pequot (John D. Prince, Frank G. Speck)

Northern Sami

Pronunciation

  • (Kautokeino) IPA(key): /ˈin/

Verb

in

  1. first-person singular present of ii

Novial

Preposition

in

  1. in

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *in, whence also Old Saxon and Old High German in, Old Norse í. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.

Pronunciation

Preposition

in

  1. (Anglian) in

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Middle English: in
    • English: in
    • Scots: in

Old High German

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *in, whence also Old English in, Old Norse í. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.

Preposition

in

  1. in

Descendants

  • German: in

Old Irish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *sindos (“this”), from Proto-Indo-European *sḗm (“one”) or *só (“this”); weak doublet of sin (“this”).

Article

in

  1. the (masculine singular nominative/accusative; feminine singular accusative; masculine/feminine/neuter dual nominative/accusative/genitive)
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 13d7
      Beóigidir in spirut in corp in ḟect so.
      "The spirit now quickens the body."
  2. Alternative spelling of ind
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 13d7
      Beóigidir in spirut in corp in ḟect so.
      "The spirit now quickens the body."
Usage notes
  • Triggers nasalization of the following noun in the masculine and feminine singular accusative.
  • Triggers lenition of the following noun as an alternative spelling of ind.
Declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative in
int (before vowels)		 ind
int (before ṡ)		 a in dá in dí in dá ind inna
Accusative in inna
Genitive ind
int (before ṡ)		 inna ind
int (before ṡ)		 in dá
Dative dond; dont (before ṡ)
cossind; cossint (before ṡ)
etc.		 don dib
cossin dib
etc.		 donaib
cosnaib
etc.
Note: The dative is used only after a preposition, which forms a contraction with the definite article, e.g. dond (“to the”), cossind (“with the”), etc.
Synonyms
  • int (masculine singular nominative, used before a vowel)
Derived terms
Descendants
  • Irish: an
  • Scottish Gaelic: an
  • Manx: yn

Etymology 2

Particle

in (triggers eclipsis)

  1. interrogative particle

Verb

in (triggers eclipsis)

  1. (interrogative) is...?

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *in, whence also Old High German in, Old English in, Old Norse í. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.

Preposition

in

  1. in

Pennsylvania German

Preposition

in

  1. in

Portuguese

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin in (“in”). Doublet of em.

Preposition

in

  1. found in the given reference

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English in.

Adjective

in (invariable, comparable)

  1. in fashion
Synonyms

Romanian

Etymology 1

From Latin līnum (“flax”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno-.

Noun

in n (plural inuri)

  1. flax

Declension

Etymology 2

Misspelling of în

Romansch

Alternative forms

  • (Sutsilvan, Surmiran) egn
  • (Puter, Vallader) ün

Etymology

From Latin ūnus.

Article

in m (feminine ina)

  1. (cardinal, Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan) a, an

Number

in m (feminine ina)

  1. (cardinal, Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan) one

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *i (from Proto-Indo-European *éy) and an emphasising particle *no.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /in/
  • Tonal orthography: in

Conjunction

in

  1. and

Synonyms

  • i (dialectal)

Swedish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɪn/
  • audio(file)

Adverb

in

  1. into, the direction "from out to in"

Antonyms

See also

Turkish

Noun

in (definite accusative ini, plural inler)

  1. cave

Declension

Inflection
Nominative in
Definite accusative ini
Singular Plural
Nominative in inler
Definite accusative ini inleri
Dative ine inlere
Locative inde inlerde
Ablative inden inlerden
Genitive inin inlerin
Possessive forms
Singular Plural
1st singular inim inlerim
2nd singular inin inlerin
3rd singular ini inleri
1st plural inimiz inlerimiz
2nd plural ininiz inleriniz
3rd plural inleri inleri

Verb

in

  1. second-person singular imperative of inmek

Vietnamese

Etymology

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 印 (“to print”; SV: ấn).

Pronunciation

Verb

in

  1. to print

Derived terms

Volapük

Preposition

in

  1. in

Welsh

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɪn/

Pronoun

in

  1. (literary) first-person plural of i

West Frisian

Etymology

Shortened from ien (“one”).

Article

in

  1. a, an
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