il

See also: Appendix:Variations of "il"

Translingual

Alternative forms

IL, XLIX, xlix

Abbreviation

il

(Internet) the Internet Top Level Domain code for Israel

Numeral

il

(informal) A Roman numeral representing forty-nine (49).

Azerbaijani

Other scripts
Cyrillic	ил
Roman	il
Perso-Arabic

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *jɨl (“year”)^[1]

Noun

il (definite accusative ili, plural illər)

year

Declension

Declension of il

	singular	plural
nominative	il	illər
definite accusative	ili	illəri
dative	ilə	illərə
locative	ildə	illərdə
ablative	ildən	illərdən
definite genitive	ilin	illərin

Possessive forms of il

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilim	illərim
sənin (“your”)	ilin	illərin
onun (“his/her/its”)	ili	illəri
bizim (“our”)	ilimiz	illərimiz
sizin (“your”)	iliniz	illəriniz
onların (“their”)	ili	illəri
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimi	illərimi
sənin (“your”)	ilini	illərini
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilini	illərini
bizim (“our”)	ilimizi	illərimizi
sizin (“your”)	ilinizi	illərinizi
onların (“their”)	ilini	illərini
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimə	illərimə
sənin (“your”)	ilinə	illərinə
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilinə	illərinə
bizim (“our”)	ilimizə	illərimizə
sizin (“your”)	ilinizə	illərinizə
onların (“their”)	ilinə	illərinə
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimdə	illərimdə
sənin (“your”)	ilində	illərində
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilində	illərində
bizim (“our”)	ilimizdə	illərimizdə
sizin (“your”)	ilinizdə	illərinizdə
onların (“their”)	ilində	illərində
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimdən	illərimdən
sənin (“your”)	ilindən	illərindən
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilindən	illərindən
bizim (“our”)	ilimizdən	illərimizdən
sizin (“your”)	ilinizdən	illərinizdən
onların (“their”)	ilindən	illərindən
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	ilimin	illərimin
sənin (“your”)	ilinin	illərinin
onun (“his/her/its”)	ilinin	illərinin
bizim (“our”)	ilimizin	illərimizin
sizin (“your”)	ilinizin	illərinizin
onların (“their”)	ilinin	illərinin

References

↑ Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*jɨl”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Bunak

Noun

il

water

Danish

Noun

il c

(rare) haste, speed

Verb

il

imperative of ile

Faroese

Iljar (“soles”).

Noun

il f (genitive singular iljar, plural iljar)

the sole of the foot

f8	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	il	ilin	iljar	iljarnar
Accusative	il	ilina	iljar	iljarnar
Dative	il	ilini	iljum	iljunum
Genitive	iljar	iljarinnar	ilja	iljanna

French

Etymology

From Middle French il, from Old French il, from Vulgar Latin *illī, which is derived from Classical Latin ille.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /il/
audio (file)
Homophone: île
Rhymes: -il

Pronoun

il (third-person singular, plural ils, accusative le, dative lui, emphatic lui)

he (third-person singular masculine subject pronoun for human subject)
it (third-person singular subject pronoun for grammatically masculine objects)
Impersonal subject; it
Il pleut. ― It’s raining.

Related terms

French personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative (subject)	Reflexive	Accusative (direct complement)	Dative (indirect complement)	Locative (at)	Genitive (of)	Disjunctive (tonic)
Singular	First	—	je, j’	me, m’			—	—	moi
	Second	—	tu	te, t’			—	—	toi
	Third	Masculine	il	se, s’	le, l’	lui	y	en	lui, soi
		Feminine	elle		la, l’	lui	y	en	elle, soi
		—	on		—	—	—	—	soi
Plural	First	—	nous	nous			—	—	nous
	Second	—	vous	vous			—	—	vous
	Third	Masculine	ils	se, s’	les	leur	y	en	eux, soi
	Third	Feminine	elles	se, s’	les	leur	y	en	elles, soi

References

↑ Dauzat, Albert; Jean Dubois, Henri Mitterand (1964), chapter IL, in Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique (in French), Paris: Librairie Larousse

Anagrams

li

Friulian

Friulian Definite Articles
	singular	plural
masculine	il l'	i
feminine	la l'	lis

Etymology

From Latin illum, ultimately from ille.

Article

il m sg (plural i)

the

Icelandic

Iljar (“soles”).

Etymology

From Old Norse il, from Proto-Germanic *iljō.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪːl/
Rhymes: -ɪːl

Noun

il f (genitive singular iljar, nominative plural iljar)

the sole of the foot
Honum sagðist vera illt í ilinni. ― He said his sole hurt.

Declension

declension of il

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
f-s1	singular		plural
nominative	il	ilin	iljar	iljarnar
accusative	il	ilina	iljar	iljarnar
dative	il	ilinni	iljum	iljunum
genitive	iljar	iljarinnar	ilja	iljanna

Derived terms

frá hvirfli til ilja

Ido

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /il/

Pronoun

il (plural ili, possessive ilua, possessive plural ilui)

Apocopic form of ilu; he, him

Interlingua

Pronoun

il

personal pronoun used with impersonal verbs
Il ha multe arbores illac.
There are many trees there.

Usage notes

Optional.

Irish

Etymology 1

From Old Irish il, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-.

Adjective

il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)

(literary) many

Etymology 2

Adjective

il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)

Alternative form of oll (“great; huge, vast, immense”)

Declension

Declension of il

Positive	Masculine	Feminine	(strong noun)	(weak noun)
	Singular		Plural (m/f)
Nominative	il	il	ile
Vocative	il	il	ile
Genitive	il	ile	ile	il
Dative	il	il	ile
Comparative	níos ile
Superlative	is ile

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
il	n-il	hil	not applicable
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Italian

Etymology

From the older form lo, via an intermediate form l, from Latin illum, ultimately from ille. The initial i is a svarabhakti vowel added to the form l in order to make the pronunciation easier.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /il/

Article

Italian Definite Articles
	singular	plural
masculine	il lo/l'	i gli
feminine	la/l'	le

il m sg (plural i)

the

References

↑ Patota, Giuseppe (2002) Lineamenti di grammatica storica dell'italiano (in Italian), Bologna: il Mulino, →ISBN, pages 123, 124

Anagrams

li, lì

Maltese

Etymology

From Arabic اَل‎ (al-).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪl/

Article

il

the

Usage notes

Before the letters ċ, d, n, r, s, t, x, ż and z the l assimilates, resulting in the following forms:
- iċ-, id-, in-, ir-, is-, it-, ix-, iz- and iż-.

The article (in all forms) connects to the following word with a hyphen.
il-mara ― the woman

il-futur ― the future

ix-xemx ― the sun

The initial i of the article is dropped before vowels, including before h- and għ-, but not before q- [ʔ].
l-iben ― the son

l-għasfur ― the bird

il-qalb ― the heart

Even before a consonant, the i is dropped when the preceding word ends in a vowel.
Rajna l-film. ― We saw the film.

Rajna x-xemx. ― We saw the sun.

Reduced assimilated forms are accordingly:
- ċ-, d-, n-, r-, s-, t-, x-, z- and ż-.

The article forms contractions with certain prepositions.
mal-mara ― with the woman

tax-xemx ― of the sun

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French il.

Pronoun

il m

he
it (impersonal, or referring to an unknown person)

Descendants

French: il

Old French

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *illī, from Latin ille.

Pronoun

il

he (third-person masculine singular subject pronoun)
they (third-person masculine plural subject pronoun)
- circa 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:
  S'il vos poent ataindre, ja vos areient tué.
  If they could range you, they would have already killed you.

Descendants

French: il
- French: il

Old Irish

Alternative forms

hil

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-; cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu, “much”), Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “much”), Sanskrit पुरु (puru, “much”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [il]

Adjective

il

much, many (usually as the first member of a compound, usually governs a plural noun)
cosin taidbse il ― with much ostentation

Is amlid do·rigéni Dia corp duini ó il-ballaib. ― Thus God has made man's body of many members.

Is ferr precept oldaas labrad il-béelre. ― Preaching is better than speaking many languages.

trissam mrechtrad inna n-il-briathar ― through the variation of the many words

Inflection

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

Terms derived from il

ilar

ildae

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
il	unchanged	n-il
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Old Norse

Noun

il f (genitive iljar)

the sole of the foot

Declension

Declension of il (strong jō-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
feminine	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	il	ilin	iljar	iljarnar
accusative	il	ilina	iljar	iljarnar
dative	il	ilinni	iljum	iljunum
genitive	iljar	iljarinnar	ilja	iljanna

Descendants

Icelandic: il
Faroese: il
Norwegian Nynorsk: il

References

il in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Swedish

Noun

il c

(archaic) gust; a strong, abrupt rush of wind
(archaic) hurry

Declension

Declension of il
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	il	ilen	ilar	ilarna
Genitive	ils	ilens	ilars	ilarnas

Turkish

Noun

il

province
Synonym: vilayet

Tzotzil

Alternative forms

'il

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʔil/

Verb

il

(transitive) to see

References

Laughlin, Robert M. [et al.] (1988) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, vol. I. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

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[1] Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*jɨl”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

[2] Dauzat, Albert; Jean Dubois, Henri Mitterand (1964), chapter IL, in Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique (in French), Paris: Librairie Larousse

[3] Patota, Giuseppe (2002) Lineamenti di grammatica storica dell'italiano (in Italian), Bologna: il Mulino, →ISBN, pages 123, 124

		Singular			Plural
		Nominative	Possessive		Nominative	Possessive
		Nominative	Singular	Plural	Nominative	Singular	Plural
First person		me	mea	mei	ni	nia	nii
Second person	Formal	vu	vua	vui	vi	via	vii
Second person	Familiar	tu	tua	tui	vi	via	vii
Third person	Masculine	ilu, il	ilua	ilui	ili	ilia	ilii
	Feminine	elu, el	elua	elui	eli	elia	elii
	Neuter	olu, ol	olua	olui	oli	olia	olii
	Pangender	lu	lua	lui	li	lia	lii
	Reflexive	su	sua	sui	su	sua	sui
Indefinite		onu, on	onua	onui	onu, on	onua	onui
Notes
The possessive plurals are seldom used.
The shortened forms are preferred.
The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered or neuter forms in most scenarios.

il

Translingual

Alternative forms

Abbreviation

Numeral

See also

Azerbaijani

Etymology

Noun

Declension

References

Bunak

Noun

Further reading

Danish

Noun

Verb

Faroese

Noun

French

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Related terms

References

Further reading

Anagrams

Friulian

Etymology

Article

See also

Icelandic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Ido

Pronunciation

Pronoun

See also

Interlingua

Pronoun

Usage notes

Irish

Etymology 1

Adjective

Etymology 2

Adjective

Declension

Mutation

Further reading

Italian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Article

References

Anagrams

Maltese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Article

Usage notes

Middle French

Etymology

Pronoun

Descendants

Old French

Etymology

Pronoun

Descendants

Old Irish

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Inflection

Derived terms

Mutation

Old Norse