和

See also: 倭, 咊, and 龢
和 U+548C, 和
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-548C
← 咋
[U+548B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 咍 →
[U+548D]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

和 (radical 30, 口+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹木口 (HDR), four-corner 26900, composition ⿰禾口)

Descendants

References

  • KangXi: page 185, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3490
  • Dae Jaweon: page 404, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 602, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+548C

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 和
alt. forms 咊
龢

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 和
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (禾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
科 *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls
萪 *kʰoːl
蝌 *kʰoːl
犐 *kʰoːl
禾 *ɡoːl
和 *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
咊 *ɡoːl
盉 *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
龢 *ɡoːl
鉌 *ɡoːl
俰 *ɡoːls

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony.

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • hô/hô͘ - literary;
  • hê/hêr/hôe - vernacular.
Note:
  • hua5 - literary;
  • huê5 - vernacular (used in 和尚).
Rime
Character 和
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 戸戈切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦwa/
Li
Rong		 /ɣuɑ/
Wang
Li		 /ɣuɑ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ɣuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 huó
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 和
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 hé
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hwa ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ɢ]ˤoj/
English harmonious

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 和
Reading # 1/2
No. 4932
Phonetic
component		 禾
Rime
group		 歌
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 和
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡoːl/

Definitions

和

  1. peaceful; harmonious
    • 和平  ―  hépíng  ―  peace, peaceful
  2. gentle; kind
  3. warm; temperate
  4. sum; total
    • 五加四的和是九。  ―  Wǔ jiā sì de hé shì jiǔ.  ―  The sum of 5 and 4 is 9.
  5. to make peace; to become reconciled
  6. (chess) to tie
  7. (music) An ancient mouth organ similar to the sheng, but smaller; no longer used.
  8. Japanese
    • 和服  ―  héfú  ―  kimono, Japanese traditional clothing
  9. A surname​. He

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

和

  1. and
    我和你  ―  wǒ hé nǐ  ―  me and you
  2. with
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 和 (“and”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 與、及
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 和
Mandarin Beijing 和、跟
Taiwan 和、跟
Jinan 和、跟、給
Xi'an 跟、連
Wuhan 跟
Chengdu 跟、給
Yangzhou 跟、交
Hefei 跟
Cantonese Guangzhou 同、同埋
Hong Kong 同、同埋
Taishan 同埋
Yangjiang 鄧、同
Gan Nanchang 跟、同
Hakka Meixian 同
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 摎
Liudui (S. Sixian) 同
Hsinchu (Hailu) 摎
Dongshi (Dabu) 同
Zhuolan (Raoping) 摎
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 和
Jin Taiyuan 和、跟
Min Bei Jian'ou 邀
Min Dong Fuzhou 共
Min Nan Xiamen 佮
Quanzhou 佮
Zhangzhou 佮
Taipei 佮
Penang 佮
Chaozhou 佮、共
Wu Shanghai 搭
Suzhou 搭
Wenzhou 搭、伉
Xiang Changsha 跟
Shuangfeng 跟、同

Pronunciation 3

Rime
Character 和
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡卧切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦuɑH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦuɑH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣuɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦwaH/
Li
Rong		 /ɣuɑH/
Wang
Li		 /ɣuɑH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ɣuɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 huò
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 和
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 hè
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hwaH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ɢ]ˤoj-s/
English tune (instruments); respond in singing

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 和
Reading # 2/2
No. 4937
Phonetic
component		 禾
Rime
group		 歌
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡoːls/

Definitions

和

  1. † to make sounds in concert with; to echo
    附和  ―  fùhè  ―  to second, to echo
    唱和  ―  chànghè  ―  antiphon, sung reply
    應和 / 应和  ―  yìnghè  ―  to echo, to correspond
    酬和  ―  chóuhè  ―  to respond to a poem with a poem

Compounds

Pronunciation 4

Definitions

和

  1. to mix with water to make something stick together; to knead
    和麵 / 和面  ―  huó miàn  ―  to knead dough

Compounds

Pronunciation 5

Note: gwo3 - variant pronunciation for the classifier.

Definitions

和

  1. to mix (usually substances in powder or grain form)
    攪和 / 搅和  ―  jiǎohuo  ―  to stir, to mix
  2. to add water to make something less thick
  3. Classifier for the number of rinses when washing clothes.
  4. Classifier for the number of times a dose of Chinese medicine is boiled.

Compounds

Pronunciation 6

Definitions

和

  1. † to have a winning hand (at mahjong etc)
    和牌  ―  húpái  ―  to win in mahjong

Compounds

Pronunciation 7

Definitions

和

  1. † warm
    暖和  ―  nuǎnhuo  ―  warm
    溫和 / 温和  ―  wēnhuo  ―  warm, lukewarm

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

和

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
和
わ
Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 和 (hwa, “harmonious”).

The “Japan” sense appears during the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715), as this character 和 was chosen as a homophone with a more favorable meaning to replace the previous character 倭 (wa) then in use as the kanji name for Japan[1] (see the etymology at 大和 (やまと) (Yamato) for more details). The “Japan” sense was usually read with a kun'yomi of yamato, until some time in the Muromachi period, when the kan'on reading of Wa became more common.[2]

Pronunciation

Noun

和 (hiragana わ, rōmaji wa)

  1. peace, harmony
  2. (arithmetic) sum

See also

Proper noun

和 (hiragana わ, rōmaji Wa)

  1. Japan, Japanese, Nippo-
    和 (わ)露 (ろ)辞 (じ)典 (てん)
    Wa-Ro jiten
    Japanese-Russian dictionary
    和 (わ)食 (しょく)
    washoku
    Japanese-style food, Japanese cuisine
    和 (わ)室 (しつ)
    washitsu
    a Japanese-style room with tatami flooring and usually sliding doors
Usage notes

Often used as a prefix to form compounds, as in the usage examples above.

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
和
やまと
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Appears during the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715), as this character 和 was chosen as a homophone with a more favorable meaning to replace the previous character 倭 (wa) then in use as the kanji name for Japan[1] (see the etymology at 大和 (やまと) (Yamato) for more details). The “Japan” sense was usually read with a kun'yomi of Yamato, until some time in the Muromachi period, when the kan'on reading of Wa became more common.[2]

In modern Japanese, the Yamato reading is more commonly spelled 大和.

Pronunciation

Alternative forms

Proper noun

和 (hiragana やまと, rōmaji Yamato)

  1. 大和: Japan, Japanese

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
和
Grade: 3
Irregular

Used as ateji in various names.

Proper noun

和 (hiragana のどか, rōmaji Nodoka)

  1. A male or female given name.

References

  1. 1 2 3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1 2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  3. ↑ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

和 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, revised hwa, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)

  1. harmony, peace
  2. get together

Noun

和 • (hwa) (hangeul 화)

  1. A free reed mouth organ with 13 bamboo pipes used in ancient times

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

和 (hoà, hoạ)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

References

  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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