和尚

See also: 和尙

Chinese

		mix together; peace; harmony mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm	still; yet; to value still; yet; to value; to esteem
simp. and trad. (和尚)		和	尚
alt. forms		和上和闍／和阇和社鶻社／鹘社殟社和上和闍／和阇和社鶻社／鹘社殟社烏社／乌社

Etymology

“Senior monk who holds the precepts-granting ceremony; preceptor” > “high priest; head monk” > “Buddhist monks in general”. First attested in the 3^rd–4^th centuries, as 和上.

Borrowed from Prakrit uvajjhāa, uajjhāa, ujjhāa, ojjhāa, ojhāa, ujjhā, ujjha (“teacher; religious teacher”), all ultimately derived from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya, “teacher; preceptor; spiritual adviser”) (Chu, 2002). The use of 上 (MC d͡ʑɨɐŋ^H) or 尚 (MC d͡ʑɨɐŋ^H) to render Prakrit jjhāa /d̚d͡ʑʱɑː.ɐ/ was probably influenced by:

The loss of the nasal –ŋ coda in the ancient northwestern dialect of Middle Chinese, and
The use of phono-semantic matching in transcription, with 尚 taken to mean “noble; virtuous; to revere” (idem).

Compare Pali upajjhāya, upajjhā, upajjha (“spiritual teacher or preceptor”), Hindi ओझा (ojhā, “exorcist”), Sindhi واڍو‎ / वाढो (vāḍho, “carpenter”), Assamese ওজা (ûza, “one well-versed in any art; teacher; sorcerer”), Bengali ওঝা (ojha, “snake-charmer; exorcist”), Oriya ଓଝା (ojhā, “teacher; one who cures snake-bites; wizard; exorcist; title of blacksmiths and carpenters”), Malayalam വാധ്യായന്‍ (vādhyāyan‍, “teacher; family priest”), Tamil வாத்தியார் (vāttiyār, “teacher; family priest; one who trains actors and dancers”).

Alternative theories, such as those put forth by Tang Dynasty monks Xuanying and Huiyuan, hypothesise that this was borrowed from Khotanese or language of the Shule Kingdom, but these appear less likely.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): héshàng

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄤˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): wo⁴ soeng^6-2

(Taishan, Wiktionary): vo³ siang^5*
Gan (Wiktionary): uo⁴ song
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): vò-song

(Meixian, Guangdong): vo² song⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): hue¹ son³
Min Dong (BUC): hù-siông / huò-siông
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hê-siūⁿ / hêr-siūⁿ / hôe-siōⁿ / hôe-siūⁿ / hêr-siǔⁿ / hôe-siāuⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): huê⁵ siên⁷ / huê⁵ sion⁷ / hua⁵ siang⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): hhu zaan (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): ho² shan⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: héshàng → héshang (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄤˋ → ㄏㄜˊ ˙ㄕㄤ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her.shanq
  - IPA ^(key): /xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/ → /xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: wo⁴ soeng^6-2
  - Yale: wòh séung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wo⁴ soeng^6-2
  - Guangdong Romanization: wo⁴ sêng²
  - IPA ^(key): /wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: vo³ siang^5*
  - IPA ^(key): /vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: uo⁴ song
  - IPA ^(key): /uo³⁵ sɔŋ²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vò-song
  - Hakka Romanization System: voˇ song
  - Hagfa Pinyim: vo² song⁴
  - IPA: /vo¹¹ soŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: vo² song⁴
  - IPA: /ʋo¹¹ sɔŋ⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: hue¹ son³
  - IPA (old-style): /xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hù-siông / huò-siông
  - IPA ^(key): /hu⁵³⁻²¹ ^(s-)luɔŋ²⁴²/, /huo⁵³⁻²¹ ^(s-)luɔŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu, Jinjiang, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hê-siūⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: hê-siūnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hesviu
  - IPA (Taipei): /he²⁴⁻¹¹ ɕiũ³³/
  - IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /he²⁴⁻²² ɕiũ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /he²⁴⁻²² ɕiũ²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêr-siūⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: hêr-siūnn
  - IPA (Kinmen): /hə²⁴⁻¹² ɕiũ²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hə²⁴⁻²² ɕiũ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Tainan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siōⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: huê-siōnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoesvioi
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hue¹³⁻²² ɕiɔ̃²²/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Yilan, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siūⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: huê-siūnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoesviu
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hue²³⁻³³ ɕiũ³³/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêr-siǔⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: hêr-siǔnn
- (Hokkien: Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siāuⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: huê-siāunn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoesviau
  - IPA (Penang): /hue²³⁻²¹ ɕiãʊ²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: huê⁵ siên⁷ / huê⁵ sion⁷ / hua⁵ siang⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huê siēⁿ / huê siōⁿ / huâ siăng
  - IPA ^(key): /hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/, /hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/, /hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/

Note:

huê5 siên7/huê5 sion7 - vernacular;
hua5 siang6 - literary.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hhu zaan (T3)
  - IPA ^(key): /ɦv̩ʷ²² z̻ɑ̃⁴⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ho² shan⁴
  - IPA ^(key) (old-style): /xo¹³ ʂan⁴⁵/
  - IPA ^(key) (new-style): /xo¹³ san⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: /ɦuɑ d͡ʑɨɐŋ^H/▼

Rime
Character	和	尚
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	戸戈切	時亮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuɑ/	/d͡ʑɨɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦuɑ/	/d͡ʑiɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuɑ/	/d͡ʑiɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwa/	/d͡ʑɨaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/ɣuɑ/	/ʑiaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/ɣuɑ/	/ʑĭaŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣuɑ/	/ʑi̯aŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huó	shàng

Noun

和尚

(Buddhism) preceptor; high priest; head monk
(by extension) Buddhist monks in general

Synonyms

(more faithful transcription in Tang Dynasty) 鄔波馱耶／邬波驮耶
(Buddhist monk): 僧 (sēng), 比丘 (bǐqiū), 僧人 (sēngrén)

Derived terms

Derived terms from 和尚

做一天和尚撞一天鐘／做一天和尚撞一天钟
前門不進師姑，後門不進和尚／前门不进师姑，后门不进和尚
和尚吃八方
和尚在，缽盂在／和尚在，钵盂在
和尚打傘／和尚打伞
和尚打傘，無法無天／和尚打伞，无法无天
和尚拖木頭／和尚拖木头
和尚無兒孝子多／和尚无儿孝子多
和尚跟著月亮走
和尚頭／和尚头
堂頭和尚／堂头和尚
大和尚
姑子死和尚
對著和尚罵賊禿／对著和尚骂贼秃
小和尚念經／小和尚念经
山和尚
布袋和尚

油花和尚
法海和尚
漏春和尚
當一天和尚撞一天鐘／当一天和尚撞一天钟
當家和尚／当家和尚
瘸和尚說法／瘸和尚说法
老和尚撞鐘／老和尚撞钟
老和尚看嫁妝／老和尚看嫁妆
花和尚
見了和尚罵賊禿／见了和尚骂贼秃
走了和尚走不了廟／走了和尚走不了庙
跑了和尚跑不了廟／跑了和尚跑不了庙
跳牆和尚／跳墙和尚
躲得和尚躲不得寺
遠來的和尚好看經／远来的和尚好看经
遠來的和尚會念經／远来的和尚会念经
非洲和尚

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (和尚):

Japanese: 和 (お)尚 (しょう) (oshō); 和 (か)尚 (しょう) (kashō); 和 (わ)尚 (じょう) (wajō)
Korean: 화상 (和尙, hwasang)
Vietnamese: hoà thượng (和尚)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
和	尚
お Grade: 3	しょう Grade: S
on’yomi

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Tōon
- (Tokyo) おしょー [óꜜshòò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
- IPA^(key): [o̞ɕo̞ː]

Noun

和尚 (hiragana おしょう, rōmaji oshō, historical hiragana をしやう)

(Zen or Pure Land Buddhism) Buddhist priest
1. a Buddhist priest who is the head of a temple or in a higher rank.
2. title and style for high ranked Buddhist priests.
3. a Buddhist priest master who gives instructions to other priests.

Synonyms

(a Buddhist priest who is the head of the temple or in a higher rank): 住職 (じゅうしょく) (jūshoku)
(a title for Buddhist priests): 和 (わ)上 (じょう) (wajō), 和 (わ)闍 (じょう) (wajō)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
和	尚
か Grade: 3	しょう Grade: S
on’yomi

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Kan’on
- (Tokyo) かしょー [káꜜshòò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
- IPA^(key): [ka̠ɕo̞ː]

Noun

和尚 (hiragana かしょう, rōmaji kashō, historical hiragana くわしやう)

(Tendai or Kegon Buddhism) preceptor; high priest

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
和	尚
わ Grade: 3	しょう > じょう Grade: S
on’yomi

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Goon
- (Tokyo) わじょー [wáꜜjòò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
- IPA^(key): [ɰᵝa̠ʑo̞ː]

Noun

和尚 (hiragana わじょう, rōmaji wajō, historical hiragana わじやう)

(Shingon, Hosso, Ritsu or Shin Buddhism) preceptor; high priest

References

1 2 3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this word
和	尚

Noun

和尚

Hán tự form of hoà thượng, “senior Buddhist monk”

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[DJR-1] 1 2 3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN