過

See also: 过
過 U+904E, 過
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904E
← 遍
[U+904D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 遏 →
[U+904F]

Translingual

Stroke order
Japanese 過
Simplified 过
Traditional 過

Alternative forms

Note that the box in the upper part of 咼 differs in simplified Chinese – in simplified Chinese fonts it is on the left, while in Japanese and traditional Chinese it is on the right.

Han character

過 (radical 162, 辵+8 in Chinese, 辵+9 in Japanese, 11 strokes in Chinese, 12 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 卜月月口 (YBBR), four-corner 37302, composition ⿺辶咼)

References

  • KangXi: page 1261, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39002
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1753, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 3849, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+904E

Chinese

trad. 過
simp. 过
alt. forms 𬨨

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 過
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (冎) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
碢 *l'oːl
腡 *ɡ·roːl, *kʷroːl
過 *kloːl, *kloːls
渦 *kloːl, *qloːl
鍋 *kloːl
楇 *kloːl, *ɡloːls
瘑 *kloːl
緺 *koːl, *kroːl, *kʷroːl
堝 *kloːl
濄 *kloːl, *qloːl
鐹 *kloːlʔ, *kloːls
薖 *kʰloːl
簻 *kʰloːl, *kr'oːl
禍 *ɡloːlʔ
窩 *qloːl
萵 *qloːl
檛 *kr'oːl
膼 *kr'oːl
蝸 *kroːl, *kʷroːl
媧 *kroːl, *kʷroːl
騧 *kroːl, *kʷroːl
冎 *kroːlʔ
剮 *kroːlʔ
諣 *qʰroːls, *qʰʷroːls
歄 *kʷroːl
咼 *kʰʷroːl
喎 *kʰʷroːl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kloːl, *kloːls) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 咼 (OC *kʰʷroːl).

Pronunciation 1

Note: guo - variant (verbal or adjectival complement indicating occurrence or completion).
Note:
  • kè/kèr/kòe - vernacular;
  • kòa - vernacular (limited, e.g. 罪過);
  • kò/kò͘ - literary;
  • ko͘/ko - literary;
  • koa - vernacular.
Rime
Character 過 過
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 戈 (95) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division (等) I I
Fanqie 古禾切 古卧切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kwa/ /kwaH/
Li
Rong		 /kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Wang
Li		 /kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kuɑ/ /kuɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 guō guò
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 過 過 過
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 guō guō guò
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kwa › ‹ kwa › ‹ kwaH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*Cə.kʷˤaj/ /*kʷˤaj/ /*kʷˤaj-s/
English tough, fibrous (vegetables) to pass to pass; transgress

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 過 過
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4362 4371
Phonetic
component		 冎 冎
Rime
group		 歌 歌
Rime
subdivision		 3 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 戈
Old
Chinese		 /*kloːl/ /*kloːls/

Definitions

過

  1. to cross; to pass; to go across; to pass through
  2. (of time) to pass by; to pass
  3. to spend time; to live
  4. to go over; to look at carefully; to go through
  5. to exceed; to surpass; to be over
  6. to pass an exam
  7. verbal complement
    1. indicating passing by; over; by
    2. indicating a change in direction; over; away
    3. indicating an excess in degree or amount; past; through; by
    4. indicating superiority; better than
    5. indicating completion or that an action has occurred already; ever; already
  8. adjectival complement
    1. (chiefly Cantonese) indicating an excess in degree or amount; more ... than
    2. indicating that the state has existed in the past
  9. too; excessively
  10. fault; blemish; mistake
Usage notes

Pronunciation 2

Rime
Character 過
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古禾切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kwa/
Li
Rong		 /kuɑ/
Wang
Li		 /kuɑ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 guō
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 過
Reading # 1/2
No. 4362
Phonetic
component		 冎
Rime
group		 歌
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 戈
Old
Chinese		 /*kloːl/

Definitions

過

  1. name of a creek
  2. name of an ancient state in modern Shandong
  3. A surname​.

Pronunciation 3

Definitions

過

  1. Alternative form of 輠.
  2. Alternative form of 禍／祸 (huò).

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (過):
  • Japanese: 過 (か) (ka)
  • Korean: 과 (過, gwa)
  • Vietnamese: quá (過, “too; to exceed”), qua (過, “to cross; through; across”)

Others:

  • Hmong-Mien: *KʷajH (“to cross”)
  • Tai: *kwaːᴮ (“to cross over”)

Japanese

Kanji

過

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. mistake
  2. excess, too much

Readings

Korean

Hanja

過 • (gwa) (hangeul 과, revised gwa, McCune–Reischauer kwa, Yale kwa)

  1. 지날 과; last, past, have been, in time, later.
    • 1.
    • 2.
    • 3.
    • 4.
    • 5.
      • 1.
      • 2.
      • 3.
      • 4.
      • 5.
  2. 허물 과; an error, a fault, a misstep, a slip, a mistake.
  3. 기름통 과; an oil cask, an oilcan.

Vietnamese

Han character

過 (quá, goá, quớ, qua, quở)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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