古

See also: 吉 and 𠮷
古 U+53E4, 古
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53E4
← 口
[U+53E3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 句 →
[U+53E5]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

古 (radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 十口 (JR), four-corner 40600, composition ⿱十口)

Derived characters

References

  • KangXi: page 171, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3233
  • Dae Jaweon: page 380, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 568, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+53E4

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 古
alt. forms 𠖠 ‡

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 古
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
箇 *kaːls
個 *kaːls
居 *kɯ, *kas
橭 *kaː, *kʰaː
嫴 *kaː
姑 *kaː
辜 *kaː
酤 *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ
蛄 *kaː
鴣 *kaː
沽 *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs
盬 *kaː, *kaːʔ
古 *kaːʔ
罟 *kaːʔ
估 *kaːʔ
鈷 *kaːʔ
詁 *kaːʔ
牯 *kaːʔ
故 *kaːs
固 *kaːs
稒 *kaːɡs
痼 *kaːɡs
錮 *kaːɡs
鯝 *kaːɡs
棝 *kaːɡs
凅 *kaːɡs
枯 *kʰaː
軲 *kʰaː
跍 *kʰaː
骷 *kʰaː
苦 *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs
葫 *qʰaː, *ɡaː
餬 *ɡaː
瑚 *ɡaː
湖 *ɡaː
鶘 *ɡaː
猢 *ɡaː
醐 *ɡaː
糊 *ɡaː
箶 *ɡaː
蝴 *ɡaː
胡 *ɡaː
瓳 *ɡaː
怙 *ɡaːʔ
祜 *ɡaːʔ
岵 *ɡaːʔ
婟 *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs
楛 *ɡaːʔ
据 *ka
裾 *ka
琚 *ka
椐 *ka, *kas, *kʰa
鶋 *ka
蜛 *ka
崌 *ka
涺 *ka
腒 *ka, *ɡa
鋸 *kas
倨 *kas
踞 *kas
涸 *ɡaːɡ

Unknown.

Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 十 (“ten”) + 口 (“mouth”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ga (“old”). Cognate with 故 (OC *kaːs, “old things; former; dead”) and Tibetan རྒ (rga, “to be old; aged”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 古
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 公戸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kuoX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kuoX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /koX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kɔX/
Li
Rong		 /koX/
Wang
Li		 /kuX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kuoX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 gǔ
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 古
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 gǔ
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kuX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kˤaʔ/
English ancient

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 古
Reading # 1/1
No. 4219
Phonetic
component		 古
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 古
Old
Chinese		 /*kaːʔ/

Definitions

古

  1. the past; ancient times
    古今  ―  gǔjīn  ―  ancient and modern times
  2. old; ancient
  3. classic; old-styled
  4. simple; unaffected; unsophisticated
  5. things in the past; antiquities; history
  6. (Cantonese, Hakka, Min Nan) story
    講古 / 讲古 [Cantonese]  ―  gong2 gu2 [Jyutping]  ―  to tell a story
  7. Short for 古體詩／古体诗 (“ancient-style poem”).
  8. A surname​.

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

古

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology

inisipe > inisiɸe > inisiwe > inisie. Literally "that which has passed". From the verb 往ぬ (inu, “pass”) in adverbial form ini, the past marker き (ki) in attributive form si, and 方 (pe, “time, direction”).

Noun

古 (hiragana いにしえ, rōmaji inishie, historical hiragana いにしへ)

  1. the past
  2. ancient times

Korean

Hanja

古 (eumhun 옛 고 (yet go))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Vietnamese

Han character

古 (cổ, cỗ, kẻ, khương)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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