有

See also: 肴
有 U+6709, 有
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
← 月
[U+6708] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 朊 →
[U+670A]

🈶 U+1F236, 🈶
SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
← 🈵
[U+1F235] 		Enclosed Ideographic Supplement 🈷 →
[U+1F237]

Translingual

Stroke order
Japanese stroke order

Han character

有 (radical 74, 月+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大月 (KB), four-corner 40227, composition ⿱𠂇月)

Usage notes

Despite the technically-correct radical being ⺼ (“meat”) as described in this entry’s glyph origin section, 有 is associated with the radical 月 (“moon”) in dictionaries for historical reasons and is likewise written as if it contained the 月 radical, i.e. it has 二 instead of 冫 inside of 冂.

References

  • KangXi: page 504, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14332
  • Dae Jaweon: page 880, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 2041, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6709

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 有

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 有
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (又) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
絠 *kɯːʔ
醢 *qʰɯːʔ
珛 *qʰʷɯs
栯 *ɢʷɯʔ, *qʷɯ
有 *ɢʷɯʔ
友 *ɢʷɯʔ
右 *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs
宥 *ɢʷɯs
囿 *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ
侑 *ɢʷɯs
酭 *ɢʷɯs
姷 *ɢʷɯs
又 *ɢʷɯs
佑 *ɢʷɯs
祐 *ɢʷɯs
賄 *qʰʷɯːʔ
蛕 *qʰʷɯːʔ, *ɡʷɯː
烠 *ɡʷɯː
倄 *ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ
鮪 *ɢʷɯʔ
洧 *ɢʷɯʔ
痏 *ɢʷɯʔ
郁 *qʷɯ
戫 *qʷɯ
哊 *ɡʷɯ

Ideogrammic compound (會意)  and phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷɯʔ) : phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – a hand holding meat, hence “in possession of”. The hand shape has been significantly abstracted; compare 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs).

Alternatively, the graph was perhaps originally intended for the word 醢 (OC *qʰɯːʔ, “minced pickled meat”), which also has the 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) element as phonetic.

Shuowen Jiezi and other ancient sources have erroneously analyzed the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷɯʔ) : phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) + semantic 月 (“moon”). Shuowen Jiezi defines 有 as "不宜有也" ("[to have something that] not should be had"), citing the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋傳): "日月有食之" ("There are solar and lunar eclipses"). As eclipses were not auspicious to the Chinese, they were "something that should not be happening". The 月 component alludes to the inauspicious lunar eclipse.

Etymology

Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan ཡོད (yod, “to be; to have”). Related to:

  • 侑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to offer, to sacrifice”) [causative, i.e. “to cause to have”]
  • 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) [adverbial]
  • 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “some; or”) [indefinite]

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • ô - vernacular;
  • īu - literary.
Note:
  • ū/ǔ - vernacular;
  • iú - literary.
Note: iu2 - prefix.
Rime
Character 有
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 云 (35)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 云久切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦiuX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣiəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦuwX/
Li
Rong		 /ɣiuX/
Wang
Li		 /ɣĭəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /i̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yǒu
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 有
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 yǒu
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hjuwX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ɢ]ʷəʔ/
English have, exist

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 有
Reading # 1/1
No. 15595
Phonetic
component		 又
Rime
group		 之
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 有
Old
Chinese		 /*ɢʷɯʔ/

Definitions

有

  1. to have; to possess (when a subject is present)
    Antonyms: 無／无 (wú)
    我有兩輛車。 / 我有两辆车。  ―  Wǒ yǒu liǎng liàng chē.  ―  I have two cars.
  2. there is; to exist (when a subject is absent)
    有很多人。  ―  Yǒu hěn duō rén.  ―  There are a lot of people.
    這兒有書嗎？ / 这儿有书吗？  ―  Zhèr yǒu shū ma?  ―  Are there any books here?
  3. (euphemistic) to be pregnant with a child
  4. abundant; affluent
  5. many; much; (of time) long; (of age) old
  6. some (indefinite pronoun)
  7. (literary or dialectal) Placed before a verb to emphasize that the action has been done.
    古語有云 / 古语有云  ―  gǔyǔ yǒu yún  ―  as the saying goes (lit. the old saying has said)
  8. A surname​.
  9. A meaningless prefix.
    有夏  ―  yǒuxià  ―  China
Usage notes
  • In Mandarin, 有 is the only verb not negated with 不 (bù). It is negated with 沒／没 (méi).
我沒有錢 / 我没有钱  ―  wǒ méiyǒu qián  ―  I don't have any money

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

有

  1. † Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “again”).
  2. † Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “and; with a remainder of (when dividing an integer by ten)”).

Japanese

Japanese
stroke order

Kanji

有

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. exist
  2. get to exist; appear
  3. keep; maintain
  4. existence; belonging
  5. someone did certain thing
  6. possess
  7. have
  8. happen
  9. occur
  10. approximately

Readings

Compounds

Derived terms

Proper noun

有 (hiragana なお, rōmaji Nao)

  1. A female given name

Korean

Hanja

有 (eumhun 있을 유 (isseul yu))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

有 (hữu, hỡi, hơi, nhất)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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