艱苦

See also: 艰苦

Chinese

		difficult; hard; hardship	bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful
trad. (艱苦)		艱	苦
simp. (艰苦)		艰	苦

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiānkǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢㄎㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan¹ fu²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kân-khú / kiên-khú / kiân-khú
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kan-khó͘ / kian-khó͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): gang¹ kou²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: jiānkǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢㄎㄨˇ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiankuu
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaan¹ fu²
  - Yale: gāan fú
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaan¹ fu²
  - Guangdong Romanization: gan¹ fu²
  - IPA ^(key): /kɑːn⁵⁵ fuː³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-khú / kiên-khú
  - Hakka Romanization System: gan´ ku` / gien´ ku`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gan¹ ku³ / gian¹ ku³
  - IPA: /kan²⁴ kʰu³¹/, /ki̯en²⁴ kʰu³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-khú / kiân-khú
  - Hakka Romanization System: gan´ ku` / gian´ ku`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gan¹ ku³ / gian¹ ku³
  - IPA: /kan²⁴ kʰu³¹/, /ki̯an²⁴ kʰu³¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-khó͘
  - Tâi-lô: kan-khóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kanqor
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-khó͘
  - Tâi-lô: kian-khóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kienqor
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gang¹ kou²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang khóu
  - IPA ^(key): /kaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰou⁵²/

Adjective

艱苦

arduous; laborious; hard

Noun

艱苦

toil; hard work; suffering

Synonyms

勞苦／劳苦 (láokǔ)
辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
辛勞／辛劳 (xīnláo)

Derived terms

備嘗艱苦／备尝艰苦
艱苦卓絕／艰苦卓绝

艱苦奮鬥／艰苦奋斗 (jiānkǔfèndòu)

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