時間

See also: 时间

Chinese

		o'clock; time; when o'clock; time; when; hour; season; period	interstice; separate; between interstice; separate; between; among; space; (measure word)
trad. (時間)		時	間
simp. (时间)		时	间

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shíjiān

(Zhuyin): ㄕˊ ㄐㄧㄢ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): si⁴ gaan³, si⁴ gaan¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): si³ gan¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sṳ̀-kiên / sṳ̀-kiân
Min Dong (BUC): sì-găng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): sî-kan

(Teochew, Peng'im): si⁵ gang¹
Wu (Wiktionary): zr ji (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: shíjiān
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˊ ㄐㄧㄢ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyjian
  - IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: si⁴ gaan³, si⁴ gaan¹
  - Yale: sìh gaan, sìh gāan
  - Cantonese Pinyin: si⁴ gaan³, si⁴ gaan¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: xi⁴ gan³, xi⁴ gan¹
  - IPA ^(key): /siː²¹ kɑːn³³/, /siː²¹ kɑːn⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: si³ gan¹
  - IPA ^(key): /si²² kan³³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ̀-kiên
  - Hakka Romanization System: siiˇ gien´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: si² gian¹
  - IPA: /sɨ¹¹ ki̯en²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ̀-kiân
  - Hakka Romanization System: siiˇ gian´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: si² gian¹
  - IPA: /sɨ¹¹ ki̯an²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sì-găng
  - IPA ^(key): /si⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ^(k-)aŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Quanzhou, mainstream Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sî-kan
  - Tâi-lô: sî-kan
  - Phofsit Daibuun: si'kafn
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕi²⁴⁻²² kan³³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɕi²⁴⁻¹¹ kan⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung): /ɕi²³⁻³³ kan⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕi¹³⁻²² kan⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: si⁵ gang¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sî kang
  - IPA ^(key): /si⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: zr ji (T3)
  - IPA ^(key): /z̻z̩²² t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: /d͡ʑɨ kˠɛn|kˠɛn^H/▼

Rime
Character	時	間	間
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	常 (25)	見 (28)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	之 (19)	山 (73)	山 (73)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II	II
Fanqie	市之切	古閑切	古莧切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑɨ/	/kˠɛn/	/kˠɛn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑɨ/	/kᵚæn/	/kᵚæn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑie/	/kæn/	/kæn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑɨ/	/kəɨn/	/kəɨn^H/
Li Rong	/ʑiə/	/kɛn/	/kɛn^H/
Wang Li	/ʑĭə/	/kæn/	/kæn^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑi/	/kăn/	/kăn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chí	jiān	jiàn

Noun

時間

(uncountable) time (the inevitable passing of events from future to present then past)
時間催人老。 / 时间催人老。 ― Shíjiān cuī rén lǎo. ― Time ages us.

時間還來得及。 / 时间还来得及。 ― Shíjiān hái láidejí. ― All in good time.

抓緊時間！ / 抓紧时间！ ― Zhuājǐn shíjiān! ― Get a move on!

浪費時間 / 浪费时间 ― làngfèi shíjiān ― to waste time

打發時間 / 打发时间 ― dǎfa shíjiān ― to kill time
(countable) time (a quantity of availability in time) (Classifier: 段 m)
(countable) time (a measurement of a quantity of time; a numerical indication of a length of time) (Classifier: 段 m)

Synonyms

時候／时候 (shíhòu)
(Min Nan) 時陣／时阵 (sî-chūn)
(Wu) 辰光 (chénguāng)

Derived terms

時間囊／时间囊 (shíjiānnáng)
時間差／时间差
時間序列／时间序列 (shíjiān xùliè)
時間性／时间性
時間膠囊／时间胶囊 (shíjiān jiāonáng)
時間表／时间表 (shíjiānbiǎo)
時間詞／时间词
時間軸／时间轴 (shíjiānzhóu)

本地時間／本地时间 (běndì shíjiān)
標準時間／标准时间 (biāozhǔn shíjiān)
營業時間／营业时间 (yíngyè shíjiān)
當地時間／当地时间 (dāngdì shíjiān)
第一時間／第一时间 (dì-yī shíjiān)
趕時間／赶时间 (gǎn shíjiān)
開放時間／开放时间 (kāifàng shíjiān)
黃金時間／黄金时间 (huángjīn shíjiān)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (時間):

Japanese: 時 (じ)間 (かん) (jikan)
Korean: 시간 (時間, sigan)
Vietnamese: thời gian (時間)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
時	間
じ Grade: 2	かん Grade: 2
on’yomi

Etymology

Probably originally borrowed from Middle Chinese compound 時間 (dzyi kɛn, literally “time interval”). Repurposed in the early Meiji period as a translation of the western term time in relation to philosophy in the 1881 publication of 哲学字彙 (Tetsugaku Jii, “Philosophy Dictionary”) compiled by Inoue Tetsujirō.^[1]

The reading is a mix of the goon reading ji and the kan'on reading kan, suggesting either that the reading changed after borrowing (from the expected goon pronunciation of jiken or the expected kan'on pronunciation of shikan), or that this term was independently coined in Japanese after the constituent terms 時 (じ) (ji) and 間 (かん) (kan) were borrowed.

Pronunciation

On’yomi
- (Tokyo) じかん [jìkáń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
- IPA^(key): [d͡ʑikã̠ɴ]

Noun

時間 (hiragana じかん, rōmaji jikan)

time
時 (じ)間 (かん)はありますか？
Jikan wa arimasu ka?
Do you have any time?

時 (じ)間 (かん)はいつでも大丈夫 (だいじょうぶ)です。
Jikan wa itsu de mo daijōbu desu.
Any time works for me.

もうこんな時 (じ)間 (かん)！
Mō konna jikan!
My, will you look at the time!

時 (じ)間 (かん)にルーズ
jikan ni rūzu
never on time
(literally, “lax about time”)

時 (じ)間 (かん)と空 (くう)間 (かん)の関 (かん)係 (けい)
jikan to kūkan no kankei
the relationship between time and space
hour]
1 (いち)時 (じ)間 (かん)は60分 (ろくじっぷん)です。
Ichi-jikan wa rokujippundesu.
One hour is 60 minutes.
the hours or time when something happens
試 (し)験 (けん)時 (じ)間 (かん)に遅 (おく)れた
shiken jikan ni okureta
was late for the exam
(literally, “failed to make it to the time of the exam”)

営 (えい)業 (ぎょう)時 (じ)間 (かん)は月火水 (げつかすい)、午 (ご)前 (ぜん)９ (く)時 (じ)から午 (ご)後 (ご)２ (に)時 (じ)までです。
Eigyō jikan wa getsu-ka-sui, gozen ku-ji kara gogo ni-ji made desu.
Business hours are Monday to Wednesday, 9 AM to 2 PM.

時 (じ)間 (かん)です！
Jikan desu!
Time's up!
- 2002 July 27, Mashiba, Shin, “第だい壱いち夜や　下クダリ階カイ段ダン [Night 1: Downward Stairway]”, in 夢ゆめ喰くい見けん聞ぶん [The Dream-Eating Inspector], volume 1 (fiction, in Japanese), Tokyo: Square Enix, page 21:
  目 (め)覚 (ざ)めの時 (じ)間 (かん)だ
  Mezame no jikan da
  It’s time to wake up

Usage notes

The more general word for time, as in when something happens, is 時 (toki).

海 (うみ)辺 (べ)に行 (い)った時 (とき)
umibe ni itta toki
the time I went to the beach, when I went to the beach

Derived terms

時 (じ)間 (かん)切 (ぎ)れ (jikangire): out of time, past the deadline
時間帯 (じかんたい) (jikantai): time zone; time slot (such as for a TV program)
時 (じ)間 (かん)つぶし (jikan tsubushi): wasting time; killing time

営 (えい)業 (ぎょう)時 (じ)間 (かん) (eigyō jikan): business hours
所 (しょ)要 (よう)時 (じ)間 (かん) (shoyō jikan): required time

Related terms

期 (き)間 (かん) (kikan): duration, period

Descendants

Chinese: 時間／时间
Korean: 시간 (sigan)
Vietnamese: thời gian

Counter

時間 (hiragana じかん, rōmaji -jikan)

an hour-long period
一 (いち)時 (じ)間 (かん)、二 (に)時 (じ)間 (かん)、五 (ご)時 (じ)間 (かん)半 (はん)
ichi-jikan, ni-jikan, go-jikan han
one hour, two hours, five and a half hours

何 (なん)時 (じ)間 (かん)もかかりそうです。
Nan-jikan mo kakari sō desu.
Apparently it will take many hours.

References

1 2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean

Hanja in this term
時	間

Noun

時間 • (sigan) (hangeul 시간)

Hanja form^? of 시간 (“time, an hour or hours”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this word
時	間

Noun

時間

Hán tự form of thời gian, “time”

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[DJR-1] 1 2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN