gan

See also: Appendix:Variations of "gan"

English

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɡæn/
Rhymes: -æn

Etymology 1

See gin

Verb

gan

(archaic) simple past tense of gin

Etymology 2

Probably a variant of gang, from Middle English gangen, from Old English gangan (“to step; walk; go”). More at gang.

Alternative forms

gang

Verb

gan (third-person singular simple present gans, present participle gannin, simple past went, past participle gone)

(obsolete outside Northumbria) To go.

References

The New Geordie Dictionary, Frank Graham, 1987, →ISBN
Newcastle 1970s, Scott Dobson and Dick Irwin,
Todd's Geordie Words and Phrases, George Todd, Newcastle, 1977
A List of words and phrases in everyday use by the natives of Hetton-le-Hole in the County of Durham, F.M.T.Palgrave, English Dialect Society vol.74, 1896,
Northumberland Words, English Dialect Society, R. Oliver Heslop, 1893–4
A Dictionary of North East Dialect, Bill Griffiths, 2005, Northumbria University Press, →ISBN

Anagrams

AGN, ANG, GNA, NGA, nag

Bambara

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɡã˦]

Verb

gan

to jump

References

2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Dutch Low Saxon

Verb

gan

Alternative spelling of gaon

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish cen (“besides; without”), from Proto-Celtic *kina (“besides”); compare Middle Welsh am-gen (“otherwise”), Breton ken (“otherwise”).

Pronunciation

(unstressed) IPA^(key): /ɡən̪ˠ/
(stressed, Munster, Aran) IPA^(key): /ɡɑn̪ˠ/
(stressed, Connemara, Mayo, Ulster) IPA^(key): /ɡan̪ˠ/

Preposition

gan (plus nominative, triggers no mutation in specific references but lenition in general references)

without
not (in conjunction with a verbal noun)

Usage notes

Triggers lenition of b, c, g, m, p on unmodified nouns, e.g. gan phingin (“without a penny”). Does not trigger lenition on modified nouns, e.g. gan pingin ina phóca (“without a penny in his pocket”). In the meaning ‘not’, does not trigger lenition on either a verbal noun or on the direct object of the verbal noun, e.g. gan ceannach ‘not to buy’, gan pingin a shaothrú ‘not to earn a penny’.

Unlike most Irish prepositions, gan governs the nominative, not the dative, and it does not form prepositional pronouns: gan an t-arán (“without the bread”), gan mé (“without me”).

Derived terms

gan áireamh (“countless, incalculable”)
gan aithne gan urlabhra (“comatose; dead”)
gan amhras (“undoubtedly”)
gan aon agó (“undoubtedly”)
gan bhail (“invalid, void”)
gan bheartú (“unpremeditated”)
gan bhlas (“flavourless”)
gan bhogadh (“still, impassive”)

gan bhréag gan áibhéil (“in plain fact”)
gan cháim (“flawless”)
gan choinne (“unexpected(ly)”)
gan choinníoll (“unconditional(ly)”)
gan chor (“motionless”)
gan chuimhneamh (“inadvertently”)
gan chuimse (“limitless”)

gan chumas, gan mhaith, gan bhrí (“impotent”)
gan dícheall (“without fail”)
gan doic (“unhesitatingly”)
gan dua (“effortless(ly)”)
gan dúshraith (“baseless”)
gan éifeacht (“inefficient”)
gan éislis (“without fail”)

gan fáth gan ábhar (“for no reason whatever”)
gan fheiceáil (“unseen”)
gan fhios (“unknown; secretly”)
gan locht (“blameless”)
gan mhuinchillí (“sleeveless”)
gan mórán achair (“shortly”)
gan on (“faultless, unblemished”)

Japanese

Romanization

gan

Rōmaji transcription of がん
Rōmaji transcription of ガン

Kurdish

Verb

gan (present stem -gê-)

to have sex with somebody, to fuck somebody

Noun

gan ?

having sex, fucking

Latvian

Conjunction

gan

both, and

Usage notes

Used in pairs: gan jauna, gan skaista "both young and beautiful"

Mandarin

Romanization

gan

Nonstandard spelling of gān.
Nonstandard spelling of gán.
Nonstandard spelling of gǎn.
Nonstandard spelling of gàn.

Usage notes

English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.

Middle English

Preposition

gan

Alternative form of gain (“against”)

Old Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *gāną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (“to leave”).

Verb

gān

to go

Conjugation

Conjugation of gān (irregular, suppletive)

indicative	present	past
infinitive	gān
1st person singular	gā	geng
2nd person singular	gest	gengi
3rd person singular	get	geng
1st person plural	gān	gengun
2nd person plural	gāt	gengut
3rd person plural	gānt	gengun
subjunctive	present	past
1st person singular	gā	gengi
2nd person singular	gās, gāst	gengis, gengist
3rd person singular	gā	gengi
1st person plural	gān	gengin
2nd person plural	gāt	gengit
3rd person plural	gān	gengin
imperative	present
singular	gā
plural	gāt
participle	present	past
	gangandi	gegangon

Descendants

Middle Dutch: gaen
- Dutch: gaan

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *gāną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (“to leave”). The verb was defective in Germanic and may only have existed in the present tense.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɡɑːn/

Verb

gān

to go

Conjugation

Conjugation of gān (irregular)

indicative	present	past
infinitive	gān	tō gānne
1st-person singular	gā	ēode
2nd-person singular	gǣst	ēodest
3rd-person singular	gǣþ	ēode
plural	gāþ	ēodon
subjunctive	present	past
singular	gā	ēode
plural	gān	ēoden
imperative
singular	gā
plural	gāþ
participle	present	past
	gangende	gān, (ġe)gangen

Alternative forms

gangan

Derived terms

Descendants

Middle English: gon, goo
- English: go
- Scots: gan

Old Frisian

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *gāną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (“to leave”).

Verb

gān

to go

Conjugation

Conjugation of gān (irregular, suppletive)

indicative	present	past
infinitive	gān
1st person singular	gā	geng
2nd person singular	gēst	gengest
3rd person singular	gēth	geng
plural	gāth	gengun
subjunctive	present	past
singular	gāe	genge
plural	gāe, gāen	genge, gengen
imperative	present
singular	gā
plural	gāth
participle	present	past
	gānde, gangande	egangen, gangen

Descendants

North Frisian: (Mooring) gunge, (Föhr-Amrum) gung
Saterland Frisian: gunge
West Frisian: gean

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

gangan

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *gāną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (“to leave”).

Verb

gān

to go

Conjugation

Conjugation of gān (irregular, suppletive)

indicative	present	past
infinitive	gān
1st person singular	*gā	gēng
2nd person singular	*gēs	gēngi
3rd person singular	gēd	gēng
plural	*gād	gēngun
subjunctive	present	past
1st person singular	*gāe	gēngi
2nd person singular	*gāes	gēngis
3rd person singular	*gāe	gēngi
plural	*gāen	gēngin
imperative	present
singular	*gā
plural	*gād
participle	present	past
	gāndi	gigangan, gangan

Descendants

German Low German: gahn
Dutch Low Saxon: gan, gaon

Scots

Alternative forms

gae
gang

Etymology

From the Old English gān (“to go”). Past tense supplied by Old English wenden (“to wend”).

Verb

gan (third-person singular present gans, present participle gan, past went or wett, past participle been)

to go

Scottish Gaelic

Pronoun

gan

them (direct object)
A bheil sibh gan creidsinn? ― Do you believe them?

Usage notes

Before words beginning with b, f, m or p gam is used instead.

Related terms

Tok Pisin

Etymology

From English gun.

Noun

gan

gun

Turkmen

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kiān (“blood”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɡaːn/

Noun

gan (definite accusative gany, plural ganlar)

blood

Declension

declension of gan

	singular	plural
nominative	gan	ganlar
accusative	gany	ganlary
genitive	ganyň	ganlaryň
dative	gana	ganlara
locative	ganda	ganlarda
ablative	gandan	ganlardan

Vietnamese

Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *t-kaːn, from Old Chinese 肝 (“liver”) (SV: can).

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [ɣaːn˧˧]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [ɣaːŋ˧˧]
(Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [ɣaːŋ˧˧]

Noun

gan

(anatomy) a liver
(figuratively) audacity; balls
to gan
audacious

Derived terms

gan béo, gan ngỗng béo (“foie gras”)

Volapük

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɡan]

Noun

gan (plural gans)

(male or female) goose

Declension

declension of gan

	singular	plural
nominative	gan	gans
genitive	gana	ganas
dative	gane	ganes
accusative	gani	ganis
predicative	ganu	ganus
vocative	o gan!	o gans!

Hypernyms

böd
nim

Hyponyms

ganil

Derived terms

Terms derived from gan "goose"

ganablöt (“breast of goose”)
ganafoad (“goose liver”)
ganafoadabastet (“pâté de foie gras, goose liver pâté”)
ganalecek (“goose-pen, enclosure for geese”)
ganaleplüm (“goose quill”)
ganamit (“goose (meat)”)

gananäst (“goose's nest”)
gananög (“goose's egg”)
ganapinod (“goose fat”)
ganapüladil (“goose giblets”)
ganaskin (“goose skin”)
ganigaledan (“gooseherd”)
nifagan (“snow goose”), Chen caerulescens

Welsh

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

(North Wales) (standard) (colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɡan/
- (North Wales) (colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɡɪn/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɡan/

Preposition

gan

with
by (authorship)
(North Wales) to indicate possession
Mae gen i wallt hir.
I have long hair.
used with verbal noun to indicate an action simultaneous with that of the main verb
- 1993, Gareth King, Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar, London: Routledge, →ISBN, p. 131:
  Aeth o gwmpas y stafell gan ofyn yr un cwestiwn i bawb.
  He went around the room asking everyone the same question.

Usage notes

See for more information.

Inflection

Personal forms

	Singular	Plural
First person	gen i	ganddon ni
Second person	gen ti	gennych chi
Third person	ganddo fe/fo m ganddi hi f	ganddyn nhw

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɡan/

Adjective

gan

Soft mutation of can.

Noun

gan

Soft mutation of can.

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
can	gan	nghan	chan
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Wolof

Pronunciation

Audio (file)

Noun

gan (definite form gan gi)

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gan

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Verb

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Verb

References

Anagrams

Bambara

Pronunciation

Verb

References

Dutch Low Saxon

Verb

Irish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Preposition

Usage notes

Derived terms

Further reading

Japanese

Romanization

Kurdish

Verb

Noun

Latvian

Conjunction

Usage notes

Mandarin

Romanization

Usage notes

Middle English

Preposition

Old Dutch

Etymology

Verb

Conjugation

Descendants

Old English

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

Alternative forms

Derived terms

Descendants

Old Frisian

Etymology

Verb

Conjugation

Descendants

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

Etymology

Verb

Conjugation

Descendants

Scots

Alternative forms

Etymology

Verb

Scottish Gaelic

Pronoun

Usage notes

Related terms

Tok Pisin

Etymology

Noun

Turkmen

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Vietnamese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun