愛

See also: 爱
愛 U+611B, 愛
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-611B
← 愚
[U+611A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 愜 →
[U+611C]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

愛 (radical 61, 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 月月心水 (BBPE), four-corner 20247, composition ⿳爫冖𢖻)

Derived characters

Descendants

References

  • KangXi: page 395, character 13
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10947
  • Dae Jaweon: page 732, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2323, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+611B

Chinese

trad. 愛
simp. 爱
alt. forms
 
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
𤔤
𢟪
𢖻

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 愛
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (愛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
愛 *qɯːds
曖 *qɯːds, *qaːds
僾 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ
靉 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ
薆 *qɯːds
璦 *qɯːds
瞹 *qaːds

Originally 㤅, a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qɯːds) : phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (“foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂 (from 㥑).

Further corruption turned the original phonetic 旡 into ⿱爫冖.

Pronunciation

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Rime
Character 愛
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 烏代切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʔʌiH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʔəiH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʔɒiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʔəjH/
Li
Rong		 /ʔᴀiH/
Wang
Li		 /ɒiH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʔɑ̆iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 ài
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 愛
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 ài
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ʔojH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[q]ˤə[p]-s/
English to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 愛
Reading # 1/1
No. 1
Phonetic
component		 愛
Rime
group		 隊
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 愛
Old
Chinese		 /*qɯːds/
Notes 說文本從心旡聲

Definitions

愛

  1. love; affection
    • 祖國愛 / 祖国爱  ―  zǔguó ài  ―  patriotism
  2. love; benevolence
    • 遺愛人間 / 遗爱人间  ―  yíàirénjiān  ―  to leave love behind
  3. to love
    • 我愛你。 / 我爱你。  ―  Wǒ ài nǐ.  ―  I love you.
    • 你愛他嗎？ / 你爱他吗？  ―  Nǐ ài tā ma?  ―  Do you love him?
  4. affectionate
  5. beloved
  6. to like; to be fond of; to be keen on
  7. to be prone; to be easy to
  8. to treasure; to value
  9. (Hakka, Cantonese, Wu) to want (an object)
  10. (Min, Hakka) to want to do; to need to; must
  11. something one loves; someone whom one loves
    • 割愛 / 割爱  ―  gēài  ―  to sacrifice something one loves to someone else
  12. Honorific for someone else's daughter; variant of 嬡／嫒 (ài).
    • 令愛 / 令爱  ―  lìngài  ―  your precious daughter
  13. A surname​.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 喜歡 (“to like”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 喜好、愛好
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 喜愛、喜好、愛好
Mandarin Beijing 喜歡、好希、愛
Taiwan 喜歡、愛
Jinan 喜歡
Xi'an 喜歡、愛
Wuhan 喜歡、愛
Chengdu 喜歡、歡喜、愛
Yangzhou 歡喜
Hefei 喜歡
Cantonese Guangzhou 中意、歡喜
Hong Kong 中意
Taishan 中意
Yangjiang 中意、歡喜
Gan Nanchang 歡喜
Hakka Meixian 中意、好
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 中意、好
Liudui (S. Sixian) 中意、好
Hsinchu (Hailu) 中意、好
Dongshi (Dabu) 中意、合意、好
Zhuolan (Raoping) 中意、好
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 佮意、愛
Jin Taiyuan 喜歡、待見
Min Bei Jian'ou 愛、喜歡
Min Dong Fuzhou 歡喜、愛
Min Nan Xiamen 歡喜、意愛、愛、佮意、舒合
Quanzhou 歡喜、意愛、愛、佮意
Zhangzhou 歡喜、愛、佮意
Taipei 歡喜、意愛、愛、佮意
Penang 舒合、愛
Philippines (Manila) 愛、佮意
Chaozhou 歡喜、愛
Wu Shanghai 歡喜
Suzhou 歡喜
Wenzhou 喜歡
Xiang Changsha 喜歡
Shuangfeng 喜歡

Usage notes

  • When used for people, 愛／爱 usually refers to romantic love. When used like this, older Mandarin speakers often describe the use of this term as overly 肉麻 (ròumá, “cheesy”). For this reason, the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan, “to like”) might be used instead. Using the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan) literally means like, but when used in a romantic context (especially boyfriend/girlfriend), it actually means love. However, younger Mandarin speakers seem to have been influenced somewhat by Western culture, and are now using the verb 愛／爱 much more often than was socially acceptable in the past.

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

愛

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
愛
あい
Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 愛 (ʔojH, “to love”)). Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).

Pronunciation

Noun

愛 (hiragana あい, rōmaji ai)

  1. love
  2. affection
Synonyms
Derived terms
Idioms
  • 愛 (あい)して見 (み)れば鼻欠 (はなか)けも靨 (えくぼ) (aishite mireba hanakake mo ekubo): “if you love someone, even a missing nose is only a dimple” ⇒ when you love someone, you minimize their flaws

Proper noun

愛 (hiragana あい, rōmaji Ai)

  1. A female given name
  2. A surname​.

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
愛
めで
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of Old Japanese verb 愛づ (medzu, “to love; to appreciate or admire”), modern form 愛でる (mederu).[3][1]

Pronunciation

Alternative forms

Noun

愛 (hiragana めで, rōmaji mede)

  1. (archaic) love, appreciation, dearness
    • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, poem 894)
      愛 (めで)能 (の)盛 (さかり)尓 (に)　天下 (あめのした)　奏 (まをし)多 (た)麻 (ま)比 (ひ)志 (し)　家 (いへの)子 (こ)等 (と)　撰 (えらひ)多 (た)麻 (ま)比 (ひ)天 (て) [Man'yōgana]
      愛 (めで)の盛 (さか)りに　天 (あめ)の下 (した)　申 (もう)し給 (たま)いし　家 (いえ)の子 (こ)と　選 (えら)び給 (たま)いて [Modern spelling]
      mede no sakari ni ame no shita mōshitamai shi ie no ko to erabitamaite
      with the utmost of love, [Amaterasu] spoke under the heavens, and chose with her children...
Idioms
  • 愛 (めで)の盛 (さか)り (mede no sakari): the height of love, the utmost love

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
愛
まな
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).[3] The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji.

Pronunciation

Noun

愛 (hiragana まな, rōmaji mana)

  1. (archaic) (derived from prefix sense) something dear, something loved
    • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3462)
      麻 (ま)奈 (な)登 (と)伊 (い)布 (ふ)兒 (こ)我 (が)　安 (あ)夜 (や)尓 (に)可 (か)奈 (な)思 (し)佐 (さ) [Man'yōgana]
      愛 (まな)という児 (こ)が　あやに愛 (かな)しさ [Modern spelling]
      mana to iu ko ga aya ni kanashisa
      the child called a dear, such indescribable tenderness

Prefix

愛 (hiragana まな, rōmaji mana-)

  1. before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal
  2. before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved
Derived terms

Proper noun

愛 (hiragana まな, rōmaji Mana)

  1. A female given name

Etymology 4

Used as ateji in various names. 愛 is a very common element in many, many names.

Proper noun

愛 (hiragana あづみ, rōmaji Azumi, alternative reading ああい, rōmaji Āi, alternative reading あいか, rōmaji Aika, alternative reading あいす, rōmaji Aisu, alternative reading あき, rōmaji Aki, alternative reading あこ, rōmaji Ako, alternative reading あみか, rōmaji Amika, alternative reading あおい, rōmaji Aoi, alternative reading ありさ, rōmaji Arisa, alternative reading あや, rōmaji Aya, alternative reading あゆ, rōmaji Ayu, alternative reading ちぎり, rōmaji Chigiri, alternative reading ちか, rōmaji Chika, alternative reading ちかし, rōmaji Chikashi, alternative reading えりな, rōmaji Erina, alternative reading はあと, rōmaji Hāto, alternative reading ひかり, rōmaji Hikari, alternative reading いと, rōmaji Ito, alternative reading いとし, rōmaji Itoshi, alternative reading いつみ, rōmaji Itsumi, alternative reading いずみ, rōmaji Izumi, alternative reading かな, rōmaji Kana, alternative reading かなえ, rōmaji Kanae, alternative reading かなさ, rōmaji Kanasa, alternative reading きずな, rōmaji Kizuna, alternative reading こころ, rōmaji Kokoro, alternative reading このむ, rōmaji Konomu, alternative reading まどか, rōmaji Madoka, alternative reading まなぶ, rōmaji Manabu, alternative reading まなみ, rōmaji Manami, alternative reading めづる, rōmaji Mezuru, alternative reading めご, rōmaji Mego, alternative reading めぐ, rōmaji Megu, alternative reading めぐみ, rōmaji Megumi, alternative reading めぐむ, rōmaji Megumu, alternative reading めい, rōmaji Mei, alternative reading なる, rōmaji Naru, alternative reading なるこ, rōmaji Naruko, alternative reading のぞみ, rōmaji Nozomi, alternative reading らぶ, rōmaji Rabu, alternative reading るい, rōmaji Rui, alternative reading さら, rōmaji Sara, alternative reading さらん, rōmaji Saran, alternative reading つぐみ, rōmaji Tsugumi, alternative reading つくみ, rōmaji Tsukumi, alternative reading うい, rōmaji Ui, alternative reading よし, rōmaji Yoshi, alternative reading よしき, rōmaji Yoshiki, alternative reading よしみ, rōmaji Yoshimi)

  1. A female given name

References

  1. 1 2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  3. 1 2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean

Hanja

愛 (eumhun 사랑 애 (sarang ae))

  1. love

Vietnamese

Han character

愛 (ái, áy)

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