東

See also: 东 and 柬
東 U+6771, 東
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6771
← 杰
[U+6770] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 杲 →
[U+6772]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

東 (radical 75, 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木田 (DW), four-corner 50906, composition ⿻束一)

Descendants

References

  • KangXi: page 513, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14499
  • Dae Jaweon: page 899, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1165, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6771

Chinese

trad. 東
simp. 东

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 東
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
東 *toːŋ
菄 *toːŋ
鶇 *toːŋ
倲 *toːŋ
涷 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
蝀 *toːŋ, *toːŋʔ
凍 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
鯟 *toːŋ
崠 *toːŋ
埬 *toːŋ
棟 *toːŋs

Phonetic borrowing – originally represented a bag tied at both ends (like a cellophane-wrapped candy with the ends twisted), and was later borrowed phonetically to mean “east”. This borrowing may have been influenced by reinterpreting the character as the sun (日) rising behind a tree (木), which is the traditional (though incorrect) etymology, as given in Shuowen.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • tang - colloquial;
  • tong - literary.
Rime
Character 東
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 德紅切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /tuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /tuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /tuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /təwŋ/
Li
Rong		 /tuŋ/
Wang
Li		 /tuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /tuŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 dōng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 東
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 dōng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ tuwng ›
Old
Chinese		 /*tˤoŋ/ (< *tˤoŋʔ ?)
English east

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 東
Reading # 1/1
No. 2435
Phonetic
component		 東
Rime
group		 東
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 東
Old
Chinese		 /*toːŋ/
Notes 種（種籽）初文，甲金文象種皮甲坼萌生根芽，參敕字陳字注

Definitions

東

  1. east
  2. host
    做東 / 做东  ―  zuòdōng  ―  to be host
  3. landlord; owner
    房東 / 房东  ―  fángdōng  ―  landlord
    股東 / 股东  ―  gǔdōng  ―  shareholder
  4. (Teochew) side

Coordinate terms

  • 南 (nán, “south”)
  • 西 (xī, “west”)
  • 北 (běi, “north”)

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

東

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. east
  2. spring (Wu Xing)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
東
とう
Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 東 (MC tuŋ).

The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

Proper noun

東 (hiragana とう, rōmaji Tō)

  1. a surname
  2. Abbreviation of 関東 (Kantō): the Kantō region of Japan
  3. Abbreviation of 東国 (Tōgoku): a historical administrative division of Japan, corresponding to the modern Kantō and Tōkai regions

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
東
ひむかし
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

*/pimukasi/ → /fimukasi/ → /himukaɕi/

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū dated 759 CE, but consistently spelled with the single kanji rather than in man'yōgana, thus leaving the reading unspecified.[1] Compound of 日 (hi, “sun”) +‎ 向か (muka, “facing, direction”, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 向く (muku, “to face a direction”)) +‎ 風 (shi, “wind, direction”).[2][3]

Pronunciation

Noun

東 (hiragana ひむかし, rōmaji himukashi)

  1. (obsolete) east

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
東
ひんがし
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

/pimukasi/ → /pimuɡasi/ → /fimuɡasi/ → /finɡasi/ → /hinɡaɕi/

Sound shift from earlier pimukasi.[2][3] Attested in The Tale of Genji, no later than 1021 CE.

Pronunciation

Noun

東 (hiragana ひんがし, rōmaji hingashi)

  1. (obsolete) east
    • 10th century, Ise Monogatari (chapter 4, page 82)[4]
      むかし、東（ひんがし）の五条に大后の宮おはしましける、西の対に住む人有けり。

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
東
ひがし
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

/finɡasi/ → /hiɡaɕi/

Sound shift from earlier hingashi. Now the standard word for east.[2][3]

Pronunciation

Noun

東 (hiragana ひがし, rōmaji higashi)

  1. east
    Antonym: 西 (nishi)
  2. wind blowing from the east
    Synonym: 東風 (ayu, kochi, kochikaze, tōfū, higashikaze)
  3. (sumo) higher-ranked wrestlers listed on the right of a banzuke
    Antonym: 西 (nishi)
  4. (historical) an Eastern Bloc country
    Synonym: 東側 (higashigawa)
    Antonym: 西 (nishi)
  5. Kamakura and historical Edo, as opposed to Kyoto and Osaka
    Antonym: 西 (nishi)
  6. (theater) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Derived terms

Proper noun

東 (hiragana ひがし, rōmaji Higashi)

  1. (historical) a red-light district in Edo, where it is today in Fukagawa, Kōtō Ward (as it was located east of Edo Castle)
  2. a surname
  3. a place name

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
東
あずま
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

/aduma/ → /ad͡zuma/ → /azuma/

From Old Japanese.[2][3] Ultimate derivation unknown. A speculative origin might be a compound of 天 (ama, “sky, heavens”) + 端 (tsuma, “edge, beginning”), but the elision of the ma in ama does not follow normal patterns.

Pronunciation

Alternative forms

Noun

東 (hiragana あずま, rōmaji azuma, historical hiragana あづま)

  1. (archaic) east
  2. (archaic, by extension) eastern Japan
  3. Short for 東琴 (azumagoto): a six-stringed Japanese zither
  4. (archaic, possibly obsolete) the Edo area (specifically used in the Kansai region, especially around Kyōto and Ōsaka)

Proper noun

東 (hiragana あずま, rōmaji Azuma, historical hiragana あづま)

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname
  3. any of various places in Japan

東 (hiragana あづま, rōmaji Azuma)

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
東
とん
Grade: 2
Irregular

Borrowed from Chinese 東, borrowed specifically as mahjong terminology. Compare Wu 東 (ton), Hakka 東 (tûng), Min Nan 東 (tong).

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)

Noun

東 (katakana トン, rōmaji ton)

  1. (mahjong) east wind (mahjong tile)
    Hypernym: 風牌 (kazehai, fanpai)
  2. (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of east wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)
    Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yaku-pai)
Derived terms
  • 東 (トン)風 (ぷう)戦 (せん) (tonpūsen, “east-round game”)
See also

Proper noun

東 (hiragana とん, rōmaji Ton)

  1. A surname​.

Etymology 7

Other various nanori readings.

Proper noun

東 (hiragana あきら, rōmaji Akira)

  1. A surname​.
  2. A male given name

東 (hiragana あず, rōmaji Azu)

  1. A female given name
  2. A surname​.

東 (hiragana あずきよ, rōmaji Azukiyo)

  1. A female given name

東 (hiragana こちざき, rōmaji Kochizaki)

  1. A surname​.

東 (hiragana さき, rōmaji Saki)

  1. A female given name

東 (hiragana たかとう, rōmaji Takatō)

  1. A surname​.

東 (hiragana とうあ, rōmaji Tōa)

  1. A surname​.

東 (hiragana とうはま, rōmaji Tōhama)

  1. A surname​.

東 (hiragana のぼる, rōmaji Noboru)

  1. A male given name

東 (hiragana はじめ, rōmaji Hajime)

  1. A surname​.
  2. A male given name

東 (hiragana ひがしつる, rōmaji Higashitsuru)

  1. A surname​.

References

  1. ↑ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 48), text here
  2. 1 2 3 4 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ↑ Horiuchi, Hideaki; Ken Akiyama (1997) Taketori Monogatari, Ise Monogatari, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  5. 1 2 3 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

東 • (dong)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 동
    • Name (hangeul): 동녘
  1. east; eastern

Compounds

  • 정동 (征東, jeongdong)
  • 정동 (正東, jeongdong)
  • 정동방 (正東方, jeongdongbang)
  • 제동야인 (齊東野人, jedong-yain)
  • 동대문 (東大門, dongdaemun)

Okinawan

Kanji

東

Readings

  • Native: く (ku), くち (kuchi), あがり (agari)
  • Nonnative: とー (tō), とぅ (tu)

Compounds

  • 東風 (くち, kuchi): east wind, easterly wind, eastern wind
  • 東風 (くちかじ, kuchikaji): east wind, easterly wind, eastern wind
  • 東京 (とーちょー, tōchō): Tokyo
  • 広東瓜 (くゎんとぅうい, kwantuui): watermelon

Etymology

From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises, ascends.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʔaɡaɾi/

Noun

東 (hiragana あがり, romaji agari)

  1. east

Vietnamese

Han character

東 (đông, đang)

  1. east; eastern

Yoron

Kanji

東

Readings

  • Native: あがり (agari)

Etymology

From 上り (agari, “ascent, rise”) in reference to the direction where the sun rises, ascends.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʔaɡaɾi/

Noun

東 (hiragana あがり, romaji agari)

  1. east
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