凍

See also: 冻
凍 U+51CD, 凍
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51CD
← 凌
[U+51CC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 凎 →
[U+51CE]

Translingual

Han character

凍 (radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一木田 (IMDW), four-corner 35196, composition ⿰冫東)

References

  • KangXi: page 132, character 46
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1670
  • Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 298, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+51CD

Chinese

trad. 凍
simp. 冻

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
東 *toːŋ
菄 *toːŋ
鶇 *toːŋ
倲 *toːŋ
涷 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
蝀 *toːŋ, *toːŋʔ
凍 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
鯟 *toːŋ
崠 *toːŋ
埬 *toːŋ
棟 *toːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *toːŋ, *toːŋs) : semantic 冫 + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • tòng - literary;
  • tàng - vernacular.
Rime
Character 凍 凍
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 端 (5) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 東 (1) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) I I
Fanqie 德紅切 多貢切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /təwŋ/ /təwŋH/
Li
Rong		 /tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
Wang
Li		 /tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 dōng dòng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 凍
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 dòng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ tuwngH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*tˤoŋ-s/
English freeze

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 凍 凍
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 2441 2447
Phonetic
component		 東 東
Rime
group		 東 東
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 東 涷
Old
Chinese		 /*toːŋ/ /*toːŋs/

Definitions

凍

  1. cold; (of weather) chilly
  2. to freeze
  3. jelly
  4. A surname​.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷
Mandarin Beijing 冷
Taiwan 冷
Jinan 冷
Xi'an 冷
Wuhan 冷、冷凊
Chengdu 冷、凊
Yangzhou 冷
Hefei 冷
Cantonese Guangzhou 凍、冷
Hong Kong 凍、冷
Taishan 冷
Yangjiang 凍、冷
Gan Nanchang 冷
Hakka Meixian 冷
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷、寒
Liudui (S. Sixian) 冷、寒人
Hsinchu (Hailu) 冷
Dongshi (Dabu) 冷、寒
Zhuolan (Raoping) 冷、寒
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 冷、寒
Jin Taiyuan 冷
Min Bei Jian'ou 凊、鎮
Min Dong Fuzhou 凊、凍
Min Nan Xiamen 冷、凊、寒
Quanzhou 冷、凊、寒
Zhangzhou 冷、凊、寒
Taipei 冷、凊、寒
Chaozhou 凝、寒
Shantou 凝、寒
Wu Suzhou 冷
Wenzhou 冷、凍
Xiang Changsha 冷、凊
Shuangfeng 冷、凊

Compounds

  • 上凍／上冻 (shàngdòng)
  • 不凍／不冻
  • 不凍港／不冻港
  • 價格凍結／价格冻结
  • 冰凍／冰冻 (bīngdòng)
  • 冰消凍解／冰消冻解
  • 冰消凍釋／冰消冻释
  • 冰解凍釋／冰解冻释
  • 冷凍／冷冻 (lěngdòng)
  • 冷凍蔬菜／冷冻蔬菜
  • 冷凍食品／冷冻食品
  • 凍住／冻住
  • 凍傷／冻伤 (dòngshāng)
  • 凍僵／冻僵
  • 凍凌觜臉／冻凌觜脸
  • 凍剝剝／冻剥剥
  • 凍原／冻原 (dòngyuán)
  • 凍土／冻土 (dòngtǔ)
  • 凍天行／冻天行
  • 凍害／冻害 (dònghài)
  • 凍寒／冻寒
  • 凍斃／冻毙
  • 凍欽欽／冻钦钦
  • 凍死／冻死
  • 凍瘡／冻疮 (dòngchuāng)
  • 凍省／冻省
  • 凍石／冻石
  • 凍結／冻结 (dòngjié)
  • 凍結資金／冻结资金
  • 凍肉／冻肉
  • 凍解冰釋／冻解冰释
  • 凍豆腐／冻豆腐
  • 凍餒／冻馁 (dòngněi)
  • 凝凍／凝冻
  • 北極凍原／北极冻原
  • 呵凍／呵冻
  • 天寒地凍／天寒地冻
  • 愛玉凍／爱玉冻
  • 挨餓受凍／挨饿受冻
  • 擔飢受凍／担饥受冻
  • 果凍／果冻 (guǒdòng)
  • 滴水成凍／滴水成冻
  • 肉凍／肉冻 (ròudòng)
  • 解凍／解冻 (jiědòng)
  • 防凍／防冻 (fángdòng)
  • 霜凍／霜冻 (shuāngdòng)
  • 飢凍交切／饥冻交切
  • 魚凍／鱼冻 (yúdòng)

Japanese

Kanji

凍

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. frozen

Readings

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

凍 • (dong) (hangeul 동, revised dong, McCune–Reischauer tong)

  1. freeze
  2. cold, congeal
  3. jelly

Vietnamese

Han character

凍 (đống, đông, gióng, rúng, đóng)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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