參

See also: 参, 蔘, and 叄
參 U+53C3, 參
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53C3
← 参
[U+53C2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 叄 →
[U+53C4]
參 U+F96B, 參
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F96B
← 索
[U+F96A] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 塞 →
[U+F96C]

Translingual

Japanese 参
Simplified 参
Traditional 參

Han character

參 (radical 28, 厶+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 戈戈戈竹 (IIIH), four-corner 23202, composition ⿱厽㐱)

Derived characters

Descendants

References

  • KangXi: page 164, character 28
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3098
  • Dae Jaweon: page 372, character 28
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 387, character 23
  • Unihan data for U+53C3

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 參
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (參) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
篸 *ʔsluːm, *ʔsluːms
參 *sʰluːm, *sʰluːms, *sloːm, *sʰrum, *srum
驂 *sʰluːm
傪 *sʰluːm, *sʰluːmʔ
慘 *sʰluːmʔ
黲 *sʰluːmʔ, *sʰloːmʔ
謲 *sʰluːms
毿 *sluːm
蔘 *sluːm, *srum
犙 *sluːm, *sru, *srɯu
糝 *sluːmʔ
槮 *sluːmʔ, *sʰrum, *srum, *srumʔ
鬖 *sloːm
摻 *sruːm, *sruːmʔ
醦 *sruːmʔ, *sʰrumʔ
縿 *sroːm
穇 *sroːm
嵾 *sʰrum
磣 *sʰrumʔ
墋 *sʰrumʔ
曑 *srum
瘮 *srumʔ
滲 *srums

Simplified from 曑 (晶 → 厽).

The bronze script form is an ideogrammic compound (會意) : 晶 (“stars”) + 光 (“light; brightness”) + 彡 (“light rays”) – Three Stars mansion. 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom) also acts as a phonetic component. Ignoring the lines connecting the three stars, 光 may be interpreted as 卩 (“kneeling person”), representing someone looking at the shining stars above him.

Alternatively, it may be the original character of 簪 (OC *ʔsɯːm, *ʔsrɯm, “hairpin”), since the bronze script forms resemble a person wearing a hat with three stars.

Based on the seal script form, Shuowen interprets the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *sʰluːm, *sʰluːms, *sloːm, *sʰrum, *srum) : semantic 晶 (“stars”) + phonetic 㐱.

Etymology 1

trad. 參
simp. 参
alt. forms 曑
叄
㕘
叅

From 三 (OC *suːm, *suːms, “three”) + other element (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 參
Reading # 1/5
Initial (聲) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) Chongniu III
Fanqie 所今切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʃˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʃᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʃiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʂjim/
Li
Rong		 /ʃjəm/
Wang
Li		 /ʃĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʂi̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shēn
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 參
Reading # 4/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shēn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ srim ›
Old
Chinese		 /*srum/ (should be *s.rum)
English the constellation Orion’ (named for the three stars in Orion’s belt)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 參
Reading # 5/5
No. 1108
Phonetic
component		 參
Rime
group		 侵
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 森
Old
Chinese		 /*srum/

Definitions

參

  1. (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Three Stars mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)
  2. A surname​.

Compounds

  • 動如參商／动如参商
  • 卯酉參辰／卯酉参辰
  • 參商／参商
  • 參辰／参辰
  • 參辰卯酉／参辰卯酉
  • 參辰日月／参辰日月
  • 捫參歷井／扪参历井
  • 斗轉參橫／斗转参横
  • 日月參辰／日月参辰
  • 曾參殺人／曾参杀人
  • 月落參橫／月落参横
  • 略無參商／略无参商

Etymology 2

trad. 參/蔘*
simp. 参
alt. forms
 
蓡
薓
葠
叄
㕘
叅

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 參
Reading # 1/5
Initial (聲) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) Chongniu III
Fanqie 所今切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʃˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʃᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʃiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʂjim/
Li
Rong		 /ʃjəm/
Wang
Li		 /ʃĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʂi̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shēn

Definitions

參

  1. ginseng or any other similar plant
  2. Short for 海參／海参 (hǎishēn, “sea cucumber”).

Compounds

Etymology 3

trad. 參
simp. 参
alt. forms 叄
㕘
叅

Pronunciation

Note: cam1 - rare.
Rime
Character 參
Reading # 3/5
Initial (聲) 清 (14)
Final (韻) 覃 (159)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 倉含切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /t͡sʰʌm/
Pan
Wuyun		 /t͡sʰəm/
Shao
Rongfen		 /t͡sʰɒm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /t͡sʰəm/
Li
Rong		 /t͡sʰᴀm/
Wang
Li		 /t͡sʰɒm/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /t͡sʰăm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 cān
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 參
Reading # 1/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 cān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ tshom ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[tsʰ]ˤ[u]m/
English accumulate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 參
Reading # 1/5
No. 1081
Phonetic
component		 參
Rime
group		 侵
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 參
Old
Chinese		 /*sʰluːm/

Definitions

參

  1. † three objects in a group
  2. † to pair up
  3. † to equate
  4. † to mix
  5. † to be spread out; to be displayed
  6. to join
  7. to study; to discuss; to understand
  8. † to inspect and verify
  9. † to face
  10. † to greet
  11. to refer; to consult
  12. to visit; to pay one's respect to
  13. to impeach
  14. † high
  15. † a unit of weight
  16. † Alternative form of 驂／骖 (cān).

Compounds

Etymology 4

trad. 參/叁
simp. 叁

Pronunciation

Definitions

參

  1. (financial) Alternative form of 三 (sān, “three”).
See also
Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 108 1012
Normal
(小寫／小写)		 〇 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬／万 億／亿 兆 (Taiwan)
萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫／大写)		 零 壹 貳／贰 參／叁 肆 伍 陸／陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

Etymology 5

trad. 參
simp. 参
alt. forms 叄
㕘
叅

Related to 巉 (OC *zraːm, *zraːmʔ, “craggy”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Note: cam1 - rare.
Rime
Character 參
Reading # 2/5
Initial (聲) 初 (19)
Final (韻) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) Chongniu III
Fanqie 楚簪切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /t͡ʃʰˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen		 /t͡ʃʰiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʈ͡ʂʰjim/
Li
Rong		 /t͡ʃʰjəm/
Wang
Li		 /t͡ʃʰĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʈ͡ʂʰi̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 chēn
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 參
Reading # 2/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 cēn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ tsrhim ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[tsʰr][u]m/
English 參差 tsrhim.tsrhje uneven

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 參
Reading # 4/5
No. 1103
Phonetic
component		 參
Rime
group		 侵
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 嵾
Old
Chinese		 /*sʰrum/
Notes 同嵾

Definitions

參

  1. Only used in 參差／参差 (cēncī) and 參錯／参错.

Compounds

  • 參錯／参错
  • 玉參差／玉参差

Etymology 6

For pronunciation and definitions of 參 – see 摻 (“càn, type of drum music”).
(This character, 參, is a variant form of 摻.)

Etymology 7

For pronunciation and definitions of 參 – see 糝 (“mixed; impure”).
(This character, 參, is a variant form of 糝.)

Japanese

Shinjitai

 参

Kyūjitai

 參

Kanji

參

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 参)

  1. three

Readings

Korean

Hanja

參 • (cham, sam) (hangeul 참, 삼, revised cham, sam, McCune–Reischauer ch'am, sam, Yale cham, sam)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

參 (tham, sam, sâm, khươm)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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