夏

See also: 复
夏 U+590F, 夏
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-590F
← 夎
[U+590E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 夐 →
[U+5910]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

夏 (radical 35, 夊+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一山竹水 (MUHE), four-corner 10247, composition ⿱𦣻夂(GJK) or ⿱𦣻夊(HT))

References

  • KangXi: page 245, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5720
  • Dae Jaweon: page 485, character 29
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 869, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+590F

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 夏
alt. forms
 
昰
𠀼
𠌘
𠍺
𡔰
𡕭
𡕻
𡕾
𡖃
𣋗
𤴞
𧈄
𩖳

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 夏
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (夏) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
榎 *kraːʔ
廈 *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ
嗄 *sqʰraːs, *qraːds
夏 *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs

In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意) : 日 (“sun”) + 頁 (“head; man”) – man under the scorching sun; summer.

Various variants were seen in the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn period. 止 (“foot”) was often added to the bottom of the man. Additionally, in the form shown above, the 日 was removed and 𦥑 (“two hands”) was added. The seal script inherits its form from this form, with 止 replaced with the related 夊.

Various forms were also seen from the Warring States period. The bamboo and silk script above shows a common form: 日 + 止 + 頁. The “ancient script” (古文) from Shuowen (labelled as the large seal script) has deviated significantly, with 止 becoming the related 足. The top part may be a corruption of 頁.

The current form is simplified from the seal script, with the removal of 𦥑 and the legs from 頁.

Etymology 1

“great; Xia Dynasty; China; Chinese”
Possibly related to 假 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, “great”), 嘏 (OC *kraːʔ, “great”) and 廈 (OC *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ, “big house”) (Wang, 1980). Shi (2000) and Mair (2013) relate this word to Tibetan རྒྱ (rgya, “great; wide; width; size; expanse; China”).
“magnificent colours; variegated”
The sense “variegated” may be of a different origin. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Krā(H) (“variegated”) (Starostin), whence Tibetan བཀྲ (bkra, “variegated; bright; radiant; splendid”), Tibetan ཁྲ (khra, “many-coloured; variegated; mottled; striped”) and Burmese ကျား (kya:, “variegated; striped; chequered”). Possibly related to 騢 (OC *ɡraː, “horse with mixed red and white colour”).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • 3hho - vernacular;
  • 3hhia - literary.
Rime
Character 夏
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 胡雅切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦˠaX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦaɨX/
Li
Rong		 /ɣaX/
Wang
Li		 /ɣaX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ɣaX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 xià
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 夏
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 xià
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hæX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ɢ]ˤraʔ/
English great; pertaining to Chinese civilization

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 夏
Reading # 1/2
No. 13452
Phonetic
component		 夏
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 下
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡraːʔ/

Definitions

夏

  1. (～朝) (historical) Xia Dynasty
  2. † (by extension) China; Chinese
  3. † great; grand; magnificent
  4. † magnificent colours; resplendent colours; variegated
  5. † Alternative form of 廈／厦 (shà, “big house”).
  6. A surname​.
See also
Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
NameTime periodDivisions
Xia
夏 (～朝, ～代)		 2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang
商 (～朝, ～代)
殷 (～朝, ～代)		 1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou
周 (～朝, ～代)		 1046 – 256 BCEWestern Zhou
西周
Eastern Zhou
東周／东周		Spring and Autumn period
春秋
Warring States period
戰國／战国
Qin
秦 (～朝, ～代)		 221 – 206 BCE
Han
漢／汉 (～朝, ～代)		 206 BCE – 220 CEWestern Han
西漢／西汉
Xin
新 (～朝)
Eastern Han
東漢／东汉
Three Kingdoms
三國／三国		 220 – 280 CEWei
魏
Shu
蜀
Wu
吳／吴
Jin
晉／晋 (～朝, ～代)		 265 – 420 CEWestern Jin
西晉／西晋
Eastern Jin
東晉／东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties
南北朝		 420 – 589 CENorthern dynasties
北朝		Northern Wei
北魏
Western Wei
西魏
Eastern Wei
東魏／东魏
Northern Zhou
北周
Northern Qi
北齊／北齐
Southern dynasties
南朝		Liu Song
劉宋／刘宋
Southern Qi
南齊／南齐
Liang
梁 (～朝, ～代)
Chen
陳／陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui
隋 (～朝, ～代)		 581 – 618 CE
Tang
唐 (～朝, ～代)		 618 – 907 CE
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
五代十國／五代十国		 907 – 960 CE
Liao
遼／辽 (～朝, ～代)		 907 – 1125 CE
Song
宋 (～朝, ～代)		 960 – 1279 CENorthern Song
北宋
Southern Song
南宋
Western Xia
西夏		 1038 – 1227 CE
Jin
金 (～朝, ～代)		 1115 – 1234 CE
Western Liao
西遼／西辽		 1124 – 1218 CE
Yuan
元 (～朝, ～代)		 1271 – 1368 CE
Ming
明 (～朝, ～代)		 1368 – 1644 CE
Qing
清 (～朝, ～代)		 1636 – 1912 CE

Compounds

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Note:
  • hē/hēe - vernacular;
  • hā/hēe - literary.
Note:
  • 3hho - vernacular;
  • 3hhia - literary.
Rime
Character 夏
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 胡駕切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦˠaH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦaɨH/
Li
Rong		 /ɣaH/
Wang
Li		 /ɣaH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ɣaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 xià
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 夏
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 xià
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hæH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ɡ]ˤraʔ/ (~ *[ɡ]ˤraʔ-s)
English summer

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 夏
Reading # 2/2
No. 13454
Phonetic
component		 夏
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 暇
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡraːs/

Definitions

夏

  1. summer (season)
See also
Seasons in Chinese · 四季 (sìjì, “four seasons”) (layout · text)
春 (chūn, “spring”) 夏 (“summer”) 秋 (qiū, “fall; autumn”) 冬 (dōng, “winter”)

Compounds

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Definitions

夏

  1. † Alternative form of 檟／槚 (jiǎ).
  2. Used in 陽夏／阳夏.

Compounds

  • 夏楚
  • 陽夏／阳夏

References

Japanese

Kanji

夏

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. summer

Readings

Compounds

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Altaic *ni̯ā́ŕà (“young; spring, summer”) (compare Korean 여름 (yeoreum, “summer”), Proto-Turkic *jāŕ (“summer”) (Turkish yaz)).[1].

Pronunciation

Kanji in this term
夏
なつ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Noun

夏 (hiragana なつ, rōmaji natsu)

  1. summer (season)

Synonyms

See also

Seasons in Japanese · 四 (し)季 (き) (shiki, “four seasons”) (layout · text)
春 (はる) (haru, “spring”) 夏 (なつ) (natsu, “summer”) 秋 (あき) (aki, “fall; autumn”) 冬 (ふゆ) (fuyu, “winter”)

References

  1. ↑ Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003) Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill: “*ni̯ā́ŕà”

Korean

Hanja

夏 • (ha) (hangeul 하, revised ha, McCune–Reischauer ha)

  1. summer

Compounds

  • 하복 (habok)(夏服) summer clothes
  • 하계 (hagye)(夏季) summer season
  • 금하 (geumha)(今夏) this(今) summer
  • 동충하초 (dongchunghacho)(冬蟲夏草) Cordyceps
  • 춘하추동 (chunhachudong)(春夏秋冬) four seasons
  • 하절 (hajeol)(夏節) summer season

See also

Vietnamese

Han character

夏 (hạ, hè)

  1. summer
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