海

海 U+6D77, 海
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D77
← 浶
[U+6D76] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 浸 →
[U+6D78]
海 U+FA45, 海
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA45
← 梅
[U+FA44] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 渚 →
[U+FA46]
海 U+2F901, 海
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F901
← 派
[U+2F900] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 流 →
[U+2F902]

Translingual

Japanese 海
Simplified 海
Traditional 海
Stroke order

Alternative forms

In Chinese, the bottom right component is 母 with 2 dots, yielding 海. In Japanese shinjitai, this component is simplified to 毋 (1 cross stroke), yielding 海 (氵+毎). Both forms are encoded under the same Unicode codepoint – see Han unification.

Han character

海 (radical 85, 水+7 in Chinese, 水+6 in Japanese, 10 strokes in Chinese, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水人田卜 (EOWY), four-corner 38157, composition ⿰氵每(GHTKV or U+FA45) or ⿰氵毎(J or U+2F901))

Derived characters

  • 嗨, 𢲨, 𤍃, 𫗀, 𥉪, 𤀇, 𦷫, 𬕧, 𩘫, 塰

References

  • KangXi: page 625, character 14
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17450
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1023, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 1627, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+6D77

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 海

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 海
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (母) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
脢 *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs
挴 *mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ
海 *hmlɯːʔ
毐 *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ
呣 *mɯ
拇 *mɯʔ
母 *mɯʔ
胟 *mɯʔ
姆 *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ
畮 *mɯʔ
踇 *mɯʔ
苺 *mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs
莓 *mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs
敏 *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ
鰵 *mrɯŋʔ
慜 *mrɯŋʔ
毋 *ma
梅 *mɯː
酶 *mɯː
鋂 *mɯː
每 *mɯːʔ
毎 *mɯːs
痗 *mɯːs, *hmɯːs
晦 *hmɯːs
誨 *hmɯːs
悔 *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs
霉 *mrɯl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *hmlɯːʔ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).

Etymology

Probably related to 晦 (OC *hmɯːs, “dark”); in numerous Zhou texts 海 is described as 晦 (Schuessler, 2007).

Compare the parallelism in Chinese: 溟 (OC *meːŋ, *meːŋʔ, “ocean”) < 冥 (OC *meːŋ, “dark”).

Pronunciation

  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 海
Mandarin Beijing /xai²¹⁴/
Harbin /xai²¹³/
Tianjin /xai¹³/
Jinan /xɛ⁵⁵/
Qingdao /xɛ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /xai⁵³/
Xi'an /xai⁵³/
Xining /xɛ⁵³/
Yinchuan /xɛ⁵³/
Lanzhou /xɛ⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /xai⁵¹/
Wuhan /xai⁴²/
Chengdu /xai⁵³/
Guiyang /xai⁴²/
Kunming /xæ⁵³/
Nanjing /xae²¹²/
Hefei /xe̞²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /xai⁵³/
Pingyao /xæ⁵³/
Hohhot /xɛ⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /he³⁵/
Suzhou /he̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou /he̞⁵³/
Wenzhou /he³⁵/
Hui Shexian /xɛ³⁵/
Tunxi /xuə³¹/
Xiang Changsha /xai⁴¹/
Xiangtan /xai⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /hai²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hoi³¹/
Taoyuan /hoi³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔi³⁵/
Nanning /hɔi³⁵/
Hong Kong /hɔi³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hai⁵³/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /hai³²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xuɛ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /hai⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /hai²¹³/
Rime
Character 海
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 呼改切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /hʌiX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /həiX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /xɒiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /həjX/
Li
Rong		 /xᴀiX/
Wang
Li		 /xɒiX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /xɑ̆iX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 hǎi
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 海
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 hǎi
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ xojX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*m̥ˤəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˤ- > x-)
English sea

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 海
Reading # 1/1
No. 9283
Phonetic
component		 母
Rime
group		 之
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 海
Old
Chinese		 /*hmlɯːʔ/

Definitions

海

  1. sea; ocean
  2. big lake
  3. overseas; abroad
  4. (figuratively) sea; abundance; infiniteness
  5. (regional) profuse; numerous
  6. unrestrainedly; randomly; casually
  7. A surname​. Hai (mainland China, Taiwan), Hoi (Hong Kong)

Compounds

Japanese

Shinjitai

 海

Kyūjitai

 海

Kanji

海

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. sea, ocean
  2. vastly gathered
  3. large, wide

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
海
うみ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

⟨umi1⟩ → */umij/ → /umi/

From Old Japanese.

Appears to be derived from a compound; there are two leading theories regarding the ultimate derivation:

  • Shift from 大 (ō-, “big, great”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form).[1] This is problematic phonetically because there is no known term having a related shift from /opo/ → /oː/ → /o/ → /u/, and semantically as there already exists a compound 大水 (ōmizu, “flood”).
  • From う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form). The u- stem is evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”)

The second derivation appears to be likely.

Pronunciation

Noun

海 (hiragana うみ, rōmaji umi)

  1. a sea, an ocean
    海 (うみ)の中 (なか)にはいろんな生 (い)き物 (もの)が暮 (く)らしています。
    Umi no naka ni wa ironna ikimono ga kurashiteimasu.
    There are all sorts of creatures living in the sea.
    海 (うみ)に行 (い)こうよ！
    Umi ni ikō yo!
    Let's go to the beach!
    Antonym: 陸 (oka, riku)
  2. a lake
    Synonym: 湖 (mizuumi)
  3. (figuratively) an object covering over a large area, as in 血の海 (chi no umi, “pool of blood”) or 火の海 (hi no umi, “sea of fire”)
  4. (planetology) a mare (dark surface of a celestial body, thought to appear like a sea)
  5. (calligraphy) in a 硯 (suzuri, “inkstone”), a reservoir where water is stored
    Synonym: 池 (ike)
Usage notes

This is the most common general term in modern Japanese for sea or ocean.

Derived terms
Idioms
  • 海 (うみ)を渡 (わた)る (umi o wataru, “cross over the ocean → go to a foreign country”)

Proper noun

海 (hiragana うみ, rōmaji Umi)

  1. a female given name.

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
海
わた
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.

May be related to Goguryeo 波旦 (padan). Possibly cognate with Korean 바다 (bada, “ocean, sea”).

Pronunciation

Noun

海 (hiragana わた, rōmaji wata)

  1. (obsolete) sea, ocean
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
海
み
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Either cognate with 水 (mi, “water”), or an abbreviation of umi above.

Pronunciation

Noun

海 (hiragana み, rōmaji mi)

  1. (obsolete) sea, ocean
Derived terms

References

  1. ↑ 1984, 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, relevant text online here.
  2. ↑ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  • 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean

Hanja

海 (eumhun 바다 해 (bada hae))

  1. sea, ocean

Compounds

Mulam

Noun

海 (hai3)

  1. sea

Vietnamese

Han character

海 (hải)

  1. sea, ocean
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