son

See also: Son, són, søn, and sơn

English

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /sʌn/
  • Audio (UK)(file)
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Rhymes: -ʌn
  • Homophone: sun

Etymology 1

From Middle English sonn, sone, sun, sune, from Old English sunu (“son”), from Proto-Germanic *sunuz (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *sewH- (“to bear; give birth”). Cognate with Scots son (“son”), Saterland Frisian Suun (“son”), West Frisian soan (“son”), Dutch zoon (“son”), Afrikaans seun (“son”), Low German sone, son (“son”), German Sohn (“son”), Danish søn (“son”), Swedish son (“son”), Icelandic sonur (“son”), Lithuanian sūnùs (“son”), Russian сын (syn, “son”), Avestan 𐬵𐬏𐬥𐬎𐬱‎ (hūnuš, “son”), Sanskrit सूनु (sūnú, “son”), Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús), υἱός (huiós, “son”), Albanian çun (“lad, boy, son”), Armenian ուստր (ustr, “son”), Tocharian B soy, soṃśke (“son”).

Noun

son (plural sons)

  1. One's male offspring.
    Before the birth of the man's child, he said: "I want a son, not a daughter."
  2. A male adopted person in relation to his adoption parents.
  3. A male person who has such a close relationship with an older or otherwise more authoritative person that he can be regarded as a son of the other person.
  4. A male person considered to have been significantly shaped by some external influence.
    He was a son of the mafia system.
  5. A male descendant.
    The pharaohs were believed to be sons of the Sun.
  6. A familiar address to a male person from an older or otherwise more authoritative person.
  7. (Britain, colloquial) An informal address to a friend or person of equal authority.
Synonyms
  • See also Thesaurus:son
Antonyms
Hypernyms
Derived terms
Translations
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.

Etymology 2

From Middle English sonen, sunen, from the noun (see above).

Verb

son (third-person singular simple present sons, present participle sonning, simple past and past participle sonned)

  1. (transitive) To produce (i.e. bear, father, beget) a son.
    • 1997, Noel Polk, Outside the Southern Myth:
      I sonned a father who would not be sonned, [...]
  2. (transitive) To address (someone) as "son".
    • 2005, Jerry Flesher, Tomorrow I'll Miss You:
      “Don't 'son' me.” “I'm old enough to be your father,” he said with a dismissive wave of his hand.
    • 2014, Stuart A. McKeever, Becoming Joey Fizz:
      “Son—now's not the time, please.” “It's the perfect time—it's the best time fucking time I ever had. There's not gonna be another time, so don't son me, you bastard. [...]”

Anagrams

Aromanian

Etymology

From Latin sonus. Compare Daco-Romanian sun.

Noun

son n (plural sonuri)

  1. sound

Asturian

Verb

son

  1. third-person plural present indicative of ser

Azerbaijani

Other scripts
Cyrillic сон
Roman son
Perso-Arabic سون‎

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *soŋ (“back, end”). Compare Turkish son below.

Noun

son (definite accusative sonu, plural sonlar)

  1. end, ending

Declension

Declension of son
singular plural
nominative son sonlar
definite accusative sonu sonları
dative sona sonlara
locative sonda sonlarda
ablative sondan sonlardan
definite genitive sonun sonların

Catalan

Etymology 1

From Vulgar Latin sum, from Classical Latin suum.

Determiner

son m (feminine sa, masculine plural sos, feminine plural ses)

  1. his, her, its
  2. their
  3. your (alluding to vostè or vostès)
Usage notes

The use of son and the other possessive determiners is mostly archaic in the majority of dialects, with articulated possessive pronouns (e.g. el meu) mostly being used in their stead. However, mon, ton, and son are still widely used before certain nouns referring to family members and some affective nouns, such as amic, casa, and vida. Which nouns actually find use with the possessive determiners depends greatly on the locale.

The standard masculine plural form is sos, but sons can be found in some dialects.

See also

Etymology 2

From Old Occitan, from Latin somnus, from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos.

Noun

son m (plural sons)

  1. sleep

Noun

son f (plural sons)

  1. sleepiness
Derived terms

Further reading

Danish

Verb

son

  1. imperative of sone

Faroese

Noun

son

  1. indefinite accusative singular of sonur

Finnish

Contraction

son

  1. Contraction of se on "it is".

French

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /sɔ̃/

Etymology 1

From Old French son, suen, suon, from Latin sonus (the current form may be remade after or influenced by sonner).

Noun

son m (plural sons)

  1. sound
    Le son de ce piano est agréable.
    The sound of this piano is nice.
Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Middle French son, from Old French son, from Vulgar Latin sum, a reduced/atonic variant of suus, suum, from Proto-Italic *sowos, from Proto-Indo-European *sewos, from *swé (“self”).

Determiner

son m (singular)

  1. (possessive) His, her, its (used to qualify masculine nouns and before a vowel).
    Elle a perdu son chapeau.
    She lost her hat.
    Il a perdu son chapeau.
    He lost his hat.
    J'aime son amie.
    I like her/his girlfriend.
    La décision a été prise pendant son absence.
    The decision was taken in his absence.
Possessee
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine
Possessor Singular First person mon1mames
Second person ton1tates
Third person son1sases
PluralFirst person notrenos
Second person votre2vos2
Third person leurleurs
1 Also used before the feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or a mute h.
2 Also used for the singular polite form.

Etymology 3

From Latin secundus (presumably through an earlier Old French form *seon; cf. an attested Medieval Latin seonno, seonnum). Cognate with Catalan segó, Old Occitan segon. The meaning derives from the fact that bran results from a second sifting of flour. Doublet of second, a borrowing.

Noun

son m (plural sons)

  1. bran
    Ceci est du pain de son.
    This bread is done with bran.

Anagrams

Further reading

Galician

Etymology

From Old Portuguese son (probably influenced by or possibly borrowed from Old Occitan son), sõo, from Latin sonus. Alternatively, regressively derived from the verb soar. Compare Portuguese som, Spanish son.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [s̺oŋ]

Noun

son m (plural sons)

  1. sound

Verb

son

  1. inflection of ser:
    1. first-person singular present indicative
    2. third-person plural present indicative

German

Pronunciation

  • Audio(file)

Pronoun

son

  1. Alternative form of so'n
    • 1857, Der Glücksstern. Novelle von Julie Burow (Frau Pfannenschmidt), Bromberg, page 95:
      „[...] Macht Platz Leute! en Wagen wär' so übel nicht in soner Hitze.“

Further reading

  • son in Duden online

Icelandic

Noun

son

  1. indefinite accusative singular of sonur

Irish

Noun

son

  1. Only used in ar son

Istriot

Verb

son

  1. first-person singular present indicative of ièsi
  2. second-person singular present indicative of ièsi
    • 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 29:
      Ti son la manduleîna inzucherada.
      You are the sugared almond.

Japanese

Romanization

son

  1. Rōmaji transcription of そん

Ladin

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Verb

son

  1. first-person singular present indicative of ester

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Verb

son

  1. third-person singular present indicative of ester

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [sɔn]

Noun

son m

  1. (archaic) swan (waterfowl of genus Cygnus)

Declension

Synonyms

Manx

Alternative forms

Preposition

son

  1. for
    Cur booise da Jee son dty hlaynt.
    Thank God for your health.
    Eeckee oo son shen.
    You'll pay for that.
    C're vees ain son jinnair?
    What shall we have for dinner?
  2. by
    Dy cadjin ta mee ec y thie son queig er y chlag.
    I'm usually home by five o'clock.
  3. (used with verbal noun) want
    Cha nel ee son credjal yn irriney.
    She doesn't want to believe the truth.
    Cha nel eh son poosey.
    He's not the marrying kind.
    As myr shen, bee oo son gee?
    You'll be wanting to eat, then?

Usage notes

Not used with pronouns. See er son for inflected forms.

Derived terms

  • cre hon (“for what purpose?”)
  • son shickyrys (“for certain”)

Middle English

Noun

son

  1. Alternative form of sonne

References

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French son.

Noun

son m (plural sons)

  1. sound

Descendants

Northern Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Samic *sonë.

Pronoun

son

  1. he, she, it

Inflection

Inflection of son (irregular)
Nominative son
Genitive sū
Nominative son
Genitive sū
Accusative sū
Illative sutnje
Locative sūs
Comitative suinna
Essive sūnin

See also

Personal pronouns
singular dual plural
1st person mun moai mii
2nd person don doai dii
3rd person son soai sii

Further reading

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse sonr, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.

Noun

son m (definite singular sonen, indefinite plural søner, definite plural sønene)

  1. a son
    Han hadde to søner.
    He had two sons.

Derived terms

References

Occitan

Determiner

son m sg (feminine singular sa, masculine plural sos, feminine plural sas)

  1. his; her; its
    Synonyms: seu, sieu

Old French

Alternative forms

  • soun (Anglo-Norman)
  • sun (Anglo-Norman)

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin sum, a reduced/atonic variant of Latin suum.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /sõn/
  • Rhymes: -õn

Determiner

son m (feminine sa, plural ses)

  1. his/hers/its (third-person singular possessive)

Descendants

  • Middle French: son

Old Irish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin sonus.

Noun

son m

  1. sound

Inflection

Masculine o-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative son sonL suinL
Vocative suin sonL sunu
Accusative sonN sonL sunu
Genitive suinL son sonN
Dative sunL sonaib sonaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

References

  • “son” in Dictionary of the Irish Language, Royal Irish Academy, 1913–76.

Old Swedish

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old Norse sonr, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz.

Noun

son m

  1. son

Declension

Descendants

Scots

Etymology

From Old English sunu (“son”), from Proto-Germanic *sunuz (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús (“son”), from *sewH- (“to bear, give birth”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [sɪn]

Noun

son (plural sons)

  1. son, male child

Derived terms

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

son m (indeclinable)

  1. sake, account
    Dèan seo air ar son.
    Do this for us/for our sake.
    Dèan seo air mo shon.
    Do this for me/for my sake.

Grammaticalised

Note that a grammaticalised unit meaning ‘for’  is formed by a prepositional phrase combining the preposition air / ar  with a nominal or pronominal argument and son. (These structures are sometimes called ‘compound prepositions’.)

Derived terms

Skolt Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Samic *sonë.

Pronoun

son

  1. he, she, it

Inflection

Further reading

Spanish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /son/, [sõn]
  • Rhymes: -on

Etymology 1

From Latin sonus, probably through the intermediate of Old Occitan son (or influenced by it); alternatively, but less likely, regressively derived from the verb sonar (the more expected form would be *suen, and a sueno appeared in some Medieval texts)[1]. Compare Portuguese som.

Noun

son m (plural sones)

  1. A pleasant sound, tone
  2. An Afro-Cuban musical form.
  3. A musical composition in this form.

Etymology 2

See etymology on the main entry.

Verb

son

  1. Second-person plural (ustedes) present indicative form of ser.
  2. Third-person plural (ellos, ellas, also used with ustedes?) present indicative form of ser.

Further reading

References

Sranan Tongo

Etymology

From Dutch zon, from Middle Dutch sonne (“sun”), from Old Dutch sunna, from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂un-, *sóh₂wl̥.

Noun

son

  1. sun

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Swedish son, sun, from Old Norse sonr, sunr from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús. Masculine in Late Modern Swedish.

Pronunciation

  • audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -oːn

Noun

son c

  1. son; someone's male child
  2. definite singular of so

Declension

Declension of son 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative son sonen söner sönerna
Genitive sons sonens söners sönernas

Antonyms

References

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish صوك‎ (soŋ, “end, consequence”), from Proto-Turkic *soŋ (“back, end, after”).

Adjective

son

  1. last, final

Antonyms

Noun

son (definite accusative sonu, plural sonlar)

  1. end, ending
    Mutlu sonum. ― I am the happy ending.
    (stress on the first syllable: sonum)
    Mutlu sonum ― My happy ending
    (stress on the final syllable: sonum)
  2. consequence, result, conclusion

Declension

Inflection
Nominative son
Definite accusative sonu
Singular Plural
Nominative son sonlar
Definite accusative sonu sonları
Dative sona sonlara
Locative sonda sonlarda
Ablative sondan sonlardan
Genitive sonun sonların
Possessive forms
Singular Plural
1st singular sonum sonlarım
2nd singular sonun sonların
3rd singular sonu sonları
1st plural sonumuz sonlarımız
2nd plural sonunuz sonlarınız
3rd plural sonları sonları
Predicative forms
Singular Plural
1st singular sonum sonlarım
2nd singular sonsun sonlarsın
3rd singular son
sondur		 sonlar
sonlardır
1st plural sonuz sonlarız
2nd plural sonsunuz sonlarsınız
3rd plural sonlar sonlardır

Uzbek

Noun

son (plural sonlar)

  1. thigh

Venetian

Verb

son

  1. first-person singular present indicative of èser

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

Adjective

son

  1. unshakable; firm
    Lòng son dạ sắt càng thêm
    Lòng đà trăng gió ai tìm thấy ai.

Derived terms

  • son sắt; sắt son

Noun

son

  1. lipstick

Derived terms

  • son môi
  • đỏ son

Volapük

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [son]

Noun

son (plural sons)

  1. son

Declension

Synonyms

Hypernyms

Coordinate terms

Derived terms

See also

Zhuang

Etymology

From Proto-Tai *soːlᴬ (“to teach”). Cognate with Thai สอน (sɔ̌ɔn), Lao ສອນ (sǭn), Lü ᦉᦸᧃ (ṡoan), Tai Dam ꪎꪮꪙ, Shan သွၼ် (sǒan), Ahom 𑜏𑜨𑜃𑜫 (son).

Pronunciation

  • (Standard Zhuang) IPA(key): /θoːn˨˦/
  • Tone numbers: son1
  • Hyphenation: son

Verb

son (old orthography son)

  1. to teach
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