食

See also: 飠, 饣, and 良
食 U+98DF, 食
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-98DF
← 飞
[U+98DE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 飠 →
[U+98E0]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Alternative forms

  • (when used as a left Chinese radical) 𩙿／飠／饣

Han character

食 (radical 184, 食+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人戈日女 (OIAV), four-corner 80732, composition ⿱𠆢良)

  1. Kangxi radical #184, ⾷.

Derived terms

  • Index:Chinese radical/食

References

  • KangXi: page 1415, character 29
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44014
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1939, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4440, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+98DF

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 食
alt. forms 𠊊
呷 Min Nan vernacular
饁／馌 Min Bei vernacular

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 食
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (食) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
飤 *ljɯɡs
食 *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ
蝕 *ɦljɯɡ
飾 *hljɯɡ
飭 *l̥ʰɯɡ

Pictogram (象形) : a mouth over a bowl of rice on a stand. While the current form is 人+良, the lower part (bowl of rice on a stand) is cognate to 皀, not to 良 or 艮. This is more visible in the form 𠊊.

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ) : phonetic 亼 (OC *zub) + semantic 皀; see 𠊊.

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s/g-ljak.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • iè - vernacular;
  • sī - literary.
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: siăh→siĕh / sĭk
      • IPA (key): /sieʔ⁵/, /siʔ⁵/
Note:
  • siăh*siĕh - vernacular;
  • sĭk - literary.
Note:
  • chia̍h, chiā - vernacular;
  • si̍t - vernacular (Xiamen, Zhangzhou), literary (Quanzhou, Taiwan);
  • se̍k - literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 食
Mandarin Beijing /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Harbin /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Tianjin /ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Qingdao /ʃz̩⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Xi'an /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xining /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂʐ̩¹³/
Lanzhou /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Wuhan /sz̩²¹³/
Chengdu /sz̩³¹/
Guiyang /sz̩²¹/
Kunming /ʂʐ̩³¹/
Nanjing /ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
Hefei /ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /səʔ⁵⁴/
Pingyao /ʂʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /səʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /zəʔ¹/
Suzhou /zəʔ³/
Hangzhou /zəʔ²/
Wenzhou /zei²¹³/
Hui Shexian /ɕi²²/
Tunxi /ɕi¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiangtan /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /sɨʔ²/
Hakka Meixian /sət̚⁵/
Taoyuan /ʃït̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sek̚²/
Nanning /sek̚²²/
Hong Kong /sik̚²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /sik̚⁵/
/t͡siaʔ⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /siʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /si⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /t͡siaʔ⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /sek̚⁵/
/t͡sia³³/
Rime
Character 食
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 船 (27)
Final (韻) 職 (134)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 乗力切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʑɨk̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʑɨk̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʑiek̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʑik̚/
Li
Rong		 /d͡ʑiək̚/
Wang
Li		 /d͡ʑĭək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /d͡ʑʰi̯ək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shí
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 食
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shí
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ zyik ›
Old
Chinese		 /*mə-lək/
English eat

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 食
Reading # 2/2
No. 11477
Phonetic
component		 食
Rime
group		 職
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese		 /*ɦljɯɡ/

Definitions

食

  1. (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to eat; to have a meal; to take in
    你食咗飯未呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你食咗饭未呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    Nei5 sik6 zo2 faan6 mei6 aa3? [Jyutping]
    Have you eaten yet?
  2. (Hakka, Min) to drink
    食茶 [Teochew]  ―  ziah8 tê5 [Peng'im]  ―  to drink tea
  3. (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to smoke
    食煙 / 食烟 [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 jin1 [Jyutping]  ―  to smoke
  4. (Cantonese, chess, etc.) to capture
  5. † meal; food
  6. † edible
  7. † Alternative form of 蝕／蚀 (shí, “to eat away; to erode”).
  8. † Alternative form of 蝕／蚀 (shí, “eclipse (of the Sun or Moon)”).
Usage notes
  • Cantonese, Hakka, and Min regularly uses 食 to mean “to eat”, whereas Mandarin uses 吃 (chī).
  • Mandarin uses 吸 (xī) for “to smoke”.
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 吃 (“to eat”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 食
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 吃
Mandarin Beijing 吃
Taiwan 吃
Jinan 吃
Xi'an 吃
Wuhan 吃
Chengdu 吃
Yangzhou 吃
Hefei 吃
Cantonese Guangzhou 食
Hong Kong 食
Shunde 食
Zhongshan 喫
Dongguan 食
Taishan 吃
Doumen 吃
Kaiping 吃
Shaoguan 食
Yunfu 食
Yangjiang 吃
Xinyi 食
Lianjiang 食
Gan Nanchang 喫
Hakka Meixian 食
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 食
Liudui (S. Sixian) 食
Hsinchu (Hailu) 食
Dongshi (Dabu) 食
Zhuolan (Raoping) 食
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 食
Jin Taiyuan 吃
Min Bei Jian'ou 食
Min Dong Fuzhou 食
Min Nan Xiamen 食
Taipei 食
Chaozhou 食
Wu Shanghai 吃
Suzhou 吃
Wenzhou 吃
Xiang Changsha 吃
Shuangfeng 吃
Dialectal synonyms of 喝 (“to drink”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 飲
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 喝
Mandarin Beijing 喝
Taiwan 喝
Jinan 喝
Xi'an 喝
Wuhan 喝、呵、汩
Chengdu 吃、呵
Yangzhou 喝、吃
Hefei 喝
Cantonese Guangzhou 飲、呷
Hong Kong 飲、呷
Taishan 飲
Yangjiang 呷、吃
Gan Nanchang 喫
Hakka Meixian 食、啜
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 食、啉、飲
Liudui (S. Sixian) 食、啉、飲
Hsinchu (Hailu) 食、啉、飲
Dongshi (Dabu) 食、啉、飲
Zhuolan (Raoping) 食、啉、飲
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 啉、食
Jin Taiyuan 喝
Min Bei Jian'ou 啜、食
Min Dong Fuzhou 啜
Min Nan Xiamen 啉、食、哈
Quanzhou 啉、食、哈
Zhangzhou 啉、食
Taipei 啉
Kaohsiung 啉
Tainan 啉、呵、食、灌
Taichung 啉
Hsinchu 啉、哈
Lukang 啉
Sanxia 啉
Yilan 啉、呵、食
Kinmen 啉
Magong 食、啉
Penang 啉
Singapore 啉
Philippines (Manila) 啉
Chaozhou 食、啉
Wu Shanghai 吃、喝
Suzhou 吃、呷、呼
Wenzhou 呷、吃
Xiang Changsha 吃
Shuangfeng 吃、呵

Compounds

Etymology 2

The *s- causative of Etymology 1.

Pronunciation

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 食
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 sì
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ziH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*s-m-lək-s/
English feed (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

食

  1. † Alternative form of 飼／饲 (sì, “to feed; to make ... eat or cause ... to eat”).

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 食
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 羊吏切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /jɨH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /jɨH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ieH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /jɨH/
Li
Rong		 /iəH/
Wang
Li		 /jĭəH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yì
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 食
Reading # 1/2
No. 11476
Phonetic
component		 食
Rime
group		 代
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 異
Old
Chinese		 /*lɯɡs/

Definitions

食

  1. † Only used in names.
    酈食其 / 郦食其  ―  Lì Yìjī  ―  Li Yiji (an advisor to Liu Bang)

Japanese

Kanji

食

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. to eat
  2. a meal

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Unbound apophonic form uke.

Noun

食 (hiragana うか, rōmaji uka)

  1. food
  2. grain

Etymology 2

uka + i → uke2 → uke. Bound apophonic form 食 (uka).

Noun

食 (hiragana うけ, rōmaji uke)

  1. food

Etymology 3

Cognate with 笥 (ke).

Noun

食 (hiragana け, rōmaji ke)

  1. food
    御 (み)食 (け)つ国 (くに)
    mi ke tsu kuni
    the land of foods

Noun

食 (hiragana し, rōmaji shi)

  1. food

Noun

食 (hiragana しょく, rōmaji shoku)

  1. a meal
  2. foodstuff
  3. an eclipse

Korean

Hanja

食 • (sik)

  1. food

Vietnamese

Han character

食 (thực, tự)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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