皇

皇	U+7687, 皇 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7687

← 皆
[U+7686]

CJK Unified Ideographs

皈 →
[U+7688]

Translingual

Stroke order

Japanese stroke order

Han character

皇 (radical 106, 白+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹日一土 (HAMG), four-corner 2610₄, composition ⿱白王)

References

KangXi: page 786, character 14

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22701

Dae Jaweon: page 1201, character 14

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2645, character 1

Unihan data for U+7687

Chinese

simp. and trad.		皇

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (王) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
皇	*ɡʷaːŋ
惶	*ɡʷaːŋ
遑	*ɡʷaːŋ
堭	*ɡʷaːŋ
煌	*ɡʷaːŋ
餭	*ɡʷaːŋ
騜	*ɡʷaːŋ
艎	*ɡʷaːŋ
隍	*ɡʷaːŋ
湟	*ɡʷaːŋ
徨	*ɡʷaːŋ
篁	*ɡʷaːŋ
蝗	ɡʷaːŋ, ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs
凰	*ɡʷaːŋ
偟	*ɡʷaːŋ
媓	*ɡʷaːŋ
韹	ɡʷaːŋ, ɡʷraːŋ
葟	*ɡʷaːŋ
皝	*ɡʷaːŋʔ
汪	qʷaːŋ, qʷaːŋs, *qʷaŋʔ
尪	*qʷaːŋ
迋	kʷaŋʔ, kʰʷaŋ, ɡʷaŋ, ɢʷaŋs
逛	*kʷaŋʔ
誑	kʷaŋs, ɡʷaŋ, *kʷaŋs
匡	*kʰʷaŋ
筐	*kʰʷaŋ
框	*kʰʷaŋ
眶	*kʰʷaŋ
誆	kʰʷaŋ, ɡʷaŋs
邼	*kʰʷaŋ
恇	*kʰʷaŋ
劻	*kʰʷaŋ
洭	*kʰʷaŋ
軭	kʰʷaŋ, ɡʷaŋ
狂	ɡʷaŋ, ɡʷaŋs
軖	*ɡʷaŋ
鵟	*ɡʷaŋ
俇	*ɡʷaŋʔ
王	ɢʷaŋ, ɢʷaŋs
蚟	*ɢʷaŋ
彺	*ɢʷaŋ
旺	*ɢʷaŋs
諻	*qʰʷraːŋ
喤	qʰʷraːŋ, ɡʷraːŋ
瑝	*ɡʷraːŋ
锽
揘	*ɡʷaŋ

Pictogram (象形) ― a lit oil lamp. The derivative 煌 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ) refers to the original word. Later developed into a Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡʷaːŋ) : semantic 白 (“flame”) + phonetic 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): huáng (huang²)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄤˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): wong⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fòng
Min Dong (BUC): huòng
Min Nan (POJ): hông
Wu (Wiktionary): hhuaan (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: huáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄤˊ
  - Wade–Giles: huang²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwang
  - IPA ^(key): /xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: wong⁴
  - Yale: wòhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wong⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: wong⁴
  - IPA ^(key): /wɔːŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fòng
  - Hakka Romanization System: fongˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fong²
  - IPA: /foŋ¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: huòng
  - IPA ^(key): /huoŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông
  - Tâi-lô: hông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoong
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hhuaan (T3)
  - IPA ^(key): /ɦɯɑ̃²³/

Middle Chinese: /ɦwɑŋ/▼

Rime
Character	皇
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	唐 (102)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡光切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦwɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwaŋ/
Li Rong	/ɣuɑŋ/
Wang Li	/ɣuɑŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣwɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huáng

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	皇	皇
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huáng	huáng
Middle Chinese	‹ hwang ›	‹ hwang ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/	/*[ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/
English	yellow and white spotted	sovereign
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	皇
Reading #	1/1
No.	12696
Phonetic component	王
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	黃
Old Chinese	/*ɡʷaːŋ/
Notes	禮王制鄭注冕屬，金文象羽冠，王聲；或雲象日射輝則爲暀晃初文

Definitions

皇

Compounds

Derived terms from 皇

三皇 (Sānhuáng)
三皇五帝 (Sānhuáng Wǔdì)
上皇 (shànghuáng)
二皇
人心皇皇
人皇
保皇會／保皇会
倉倉皇皇／仓仓皇皇
倉皇／仓皇 (cānghuáng)
倉皇失措／仓皇失措
倉皇無措／仓皇无措
先皇 (xiānhuáng)
兒皇帝／儿皇帝
典雅堂皇
典麗矞皇／典丽矞皇
冠冕堂皇
后皇
唐哉皇哉
唐明皇
國戚皇親／国戚皇亲
土皇帝
堂堂皇皇
堂皇 (tánghuáng)
堂皇富麗／堂皇富丽
堂皇正大
堂而皇之
大皇
天皇 (tiānhuáng)
太上皇 (tàishànghuáng)
太皇太后
女皇 (nǚhuáng)
娥皇 (Éhuáng)
媧皇 (Wāhuáng)
富麗堂皇／富丽堂皇
帝皇
張皇／张皇
張皇失措／张皇失措
教皇 (jiàohuáng)
旁皇
明治天皇
末代皇帝

東皇／东皇
梁皇寶懺／梁皇宝忏
梁皇懺／梁皇忏
歎皇陵／叹皇陵
步武堂皇
汲汲皇皇
沙皇 (shāhuáng)
泰皇
燕啄皇孫／燕啄皇孙
玉皇 (Yùhuáng)
玉皇上帝
玉皇大帝 (Yùhuáng Dàdì)
發皇／发皇
皇上 (huángshang)
皇位 (huángwèi)
皇儲／皇储 (huángchǔ)
皇冠 (huángguān)
皇叔 (huángshū)
皇后 (huánghòu)
皇圖／皇图
皇城 (huángchéng)
皇墳／皇坟
皇天 (huángtiān)
皇天后土 (huángtiān hòutǔ)
皇太后 (huángtàihòu)
皇太子 (huángtàizǐ)
皇妣 (huángbǐ)
皇姑
皇姑屯
皇威 (huángwēi)
皇室 (huángshì)
皇宮／皇宫 (huánggōng)
皇家 (huángjiā)
皇家學會／皇家学会
皇州
皇帝 (huángdì)
皇帝豆 (huángdìdòu)
皇恐灘／皇恐滩
皇恩
皇族 (huángzú)
皇朝

皇極／皇极
皇極數／皇极数
皇權／皇权 (huángquán)
皇甫 (Huángfǔ)
皇皇 (huánghuáng)
皇皇者華／皇皇者华
皇矣
皇祖
皇祖妣 (huángzǔbǐ)
皇祖考 (huángzǔkǎo)
皇統／皇统
皇綱／皇纲 (huánggāng)
皇考 (huángkǎo)
皇舅
皇舞
皇親／皇亲 (huángqīn)
皇親國戚／皇亲国戚 (huángqīnguóqī)
皇覽／皇览
皇輿／皇舆
皇辟 (huángbì)
皇邑
皇邸
皇都
皇陵 (huánglíng)
皇靈／皇灵
矞皇
秦始皇 (Qín Shǐhuáng)
秦始皇陵
秦皇島／秦皇岛 (Qínhuángdǎo)
羲皇
羲皇上人
老皇曆／老皇历
聿皇
舊皇曆／旧皇历
英皇 (yīnghuáng)
西皇
遹皇
馬師皇／马师皇
鳳皇于蜚／凤皇于蜚
鸞皇／鸾皇

Japanese

Kanji

皇

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

emperor

Readings

Goon: おう (ō, Jōyō)^{←わう (wau, historical)}
Kan’on: こう (kō, Jōyō)^{←くわう (kwau, historical)}
Kun: おお (ō, 皇); かみ (kami, 皇); きみ (kimi, 皇); すべ (sube, 皇); すべら (subera, 皇); すべらぎ (suberagi, 皇); すべろぎ (suberogi, 皇); すめ (sume, 皇); すめらぎ (sumeragi, 皇); み (mi, 皇)
Nanori: おうじ (ōji); み (mi)

Compounds

皇 (こう)位 (い) (kōi)
皇 (こう)威 (い) (kōi)
皇 (こう)胤 (いん) (kōin), 皇 (こう)裔 (えい) (kōei)
皇 (こう)運 (うん) (kōun)
皇 (こう)恩 (おん) (kōon)
皇 (こう)化 (か) (kōka)
皇 (こう)家 (か) (kōka)
皇 (こう)華 (か) (kōka)
皇学 (こうがく) (kōgaku)
皇 (こう)嘉 (か)門 (もん) (Kōkamon)
皇 (こう)漢 (かん) (Kōkan)
皇 (こう)基 (き) (kōki)
皇 (こう)紀 (き) (Kōki)
皇 (こう)居 (きょ) (kōkyo)
皇 (こう)宮 (ぐう) (kōgū), 皇 (こう)宮 (きゅう) (kōkyū)
皇 (こう)軍 (ぐん) (kōgun)
皇 (こう)系 (けい) (kōkei)
皇 (こう)継 (けい) (kōkei)
皇闕 (こうけつ) (kōketsu)
皇 (こう)后 (ごう) (kōgō)
皇 (こう)后 (ごう)宮 (ぐう) (kō-gōgū)
皇 (こう)考 (こう) (kōkō)
皇国 (こうこく) (kōkoku)
皇 (こう)嗣 (し) (kōshi)
皇 (こう)子 (し) (kōshi)
皇 (こう)師 (し) (kōshi)
皇室 (こうしつ) (kōshitsu)
皇 (こう)寿 (じゅ) (kōju)
皇 (こう)女 (じょ) (kōjo)
皇 (こう)上 (じょう) (kōjō)
皇 (こう)城 (じょう) (kōjō)
皇 (こう)庶 (しょ)子 (し) (kō-shoshi)
皇 (こう)親 (しん) (kōshin)
皇 (こう)曽 (そう)孫 (そん) (kō-sōson)
皇籍 (こうせき) (kōseki)
皇 (こう)祖 (そ) (kōso)
皇 (こう)祚 (そ) (kōso)
皇 (こう)宗 (そう) (kōsō)
皇族 (こうぞく) (kōzoku)
皇 (こう)祖 (そ)考 (こう) (kō-sokō)
皇 (こう)祖 (そ)妣 (ひ) (kō-sohi)
皇 (こう)孫 (そん) (kōson)
皇 (こう)太后 (たいごう) (kō-taigō)
皇 (こう)太子 (たいし) (kō-taishi)
皇 (こう)大神 (たいじん) (Kō-taijin)
皇 (こう)太孫 (たいそん) (kō-taison)
皇 (こう)太弟 (たいてい) (kō-taitei)
皇 (こう)太妃 (たいひ) (kō-taihi)
皇 (こう)太 (たい)夫 (ふ)人 (じん) (kō-taifujin)
皇沢 (こうたく) (kōtaku)
皇 (こう)儲 (ちょ) (kōcho)
皇 (こう)張 (ちょう) (kōchō)
皇 (こう)朝 (ちょう) (Kōchō)
皇 (こう)長 (ちょう)子 (し) (kō-chōshi)
皇 (こう)帝 (てい) (kōtei)
皇 (こう)弟 (てい) (kōtei)
皇 (こう)天 (てん) (kōten)
皇 (こう)典 (てん) (kōten)
皇 (こう)図 (と) (kōto)
皇 (こう)土 (ど) (kōdo)
皇 (こう)都 (と) (kōto)
皇 (こう)統 (とう) (kōtō)
皇 (こう)道 (どう) (kōdō)
皇 (こう)妃 (ひ) (kōhi)
皇 (こう)妣 (ひ) (kōhi)
皇 (こう)風 (ふう) (kōfū)
皇別 (こうべつ) (kōbetsu)
皇 (こう)謨 (ぼ) (kōbo)
皇 (こう)民 (みん) (kōmin)
皇 (こう)猶 (ゆう)子 (し) (kō-yūshi)
皇 (こう)輿 (よ) (kōyo)
皇 (こう)陵 (りょう) (kōryō)
皇 (こう)霊 (れい) (kōrei)
皇 (おう)侃 (がん) (Ōgan), 皇 (こう)侃 (かん) (Kōkan)
皇帝 (おうだい) (Ōdai)
皇 (おう)子 (じ) (ōji)
皇 (おう)女 (じょ) (ōjo)
皇 (おう)城 (じょう) (ōjō)
皇 (おう)麞 (じょう) (Ōjō)
教 (きょう)皇 (こう) (kyōkō), 教 (きょう)皇 (おう) (kyōō)
勤 (きん)皇 (のう) (kinnō)
三 (さん)皇 (こう) (Sankō)
上 (じょう)皇 (こう) (jōkō)
女 (じょ)皇 (こう) (jokō)
人 (じん)皇 (のう) (jinnō), 人 (にん)皇 (のう) (ninnō)
新 (しん)皇 (のう) (shinnō)
先 (せん)皇 (こう) (senkō), 先 (せん)皇 (おう) (sen'ō), 先 (せん)皇 (のう) (sennō)
倉 (そう)皇 (こう) (sōkō)
尊 (そん)皇 (のう) (sonnō)
地 (ち)皇 (こう) (Chikō)
張 (ちょう)皇 (こう) (chōkō)
儲 (ちょ)皇 (こう) (chokō)
天 (てん)皇 (こう) (Tenkō)
天 (てん)皇 (のう) (tennō)
法 (ほう)皇 (おう) (hōō)
皇 (み)子 (こ), 皇 (み)女 (こ) (miko)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
皇
すべ Grade: 6
kun’yomi

⟨sume₁⟩ → /sume/ → /sube/

From Old Japanese, as a shift from older sume.^[1]

Previously thought to be derived as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of Old Japanese verb 統ぶ (subu), modern 統べる (suberu, “to control, to govern, to rule”). However, later research into ancient phonetic spellings clarified that the be portion of the verb was realized as ⟨be₂⟩. During the Old Japanese stage, ⟨be₂⟩ could only have derived phonetically from ⟨me₂⟩, and not from the ⟨me₁⟩ syllable of the noun.^[1]

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi
- IPA^(key): [sɨᵝbe̞]
The pitch accent is determined by the entire prefixed term.

Prefix

皇 (hiragana すべ, rōmaji sube-)

(archaic) prefix expressing praise and respect, usually towards Shinto deities or the Emperor of Japan
1. divine, godly, heavenly
2. imperial, royal

Derived terms

皇神 (すべがみ) (subekami, subegami)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
皇
すめ Grade: 6
kun’yomi

⟨sume₁⟩ → /sume/

From Old Japanese. Appears to be the older form.^[1]

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi
- IPA^(key): [sɨᵝme̞]
The pitch accent is determined by the entire prefixed term.

Prefix

皇 (hiragana すめ, rōmaji sume-)

(archaic) prefix expressing praise and respect, usually towards Shinto deities or the Emperor of Japan
1. divine, godly, heavenly
2. imperial, royal

Derived terms

すめいろと (sumeiroto)
皇 (すめ)大神 (おおかみ) (Sume-ōkami)
皇神 (すめがみ) (sumekami, sumegami)
皇 (すめ)御 (み)祖 (おや) (sume-mioya)
皇子 (すめみこ) (sumemiko)
皇 (すめ)御 (み)孫 (ま), 皇孫 (すめみま) (sumemima)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
皇
すべら Grade: 6
kun’yomi

From the prefix 皇 (sube-, see above) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi
- IPA^(key): [sɨᵝbe̞ɾa̠]
The pitch accent is determined by the entire prefixed term.

Prefix

皇 (hiragana すべら, rōmaji subera-)

(archaic) prefix expressing praise and respect, usually towards the Emperor of Japan
1. divine, godly, heavenly
2. imperial, royal

Derived terms

皇 (すべら)神 (がみ) (subera-gami)
天皇 (すべらぎ) (suberagi), 天皇 (すべらき) (suberaki)
天皇 (すべらみこと), 皇尊 (すべらみこと) (subera-mikoto, form of address to the Emperor of Japan)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
皇
すめら Grade: 6
kun’yomi

From the prefix 皇 (sume-, see above) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi
- IPA^(key): [sɨᵝme̞ɾa̠]
The pitch accent is determined by the entire prefixed term.

Prefix

皇 (hiragana すめら, rōmaji sumera-)

(archaic) prefix expressing praise and respect, usually towards the Emperor of Japan
1. divine, godly, heavenly
2. imperial, royal

Derived terms

天皇 (すめらぎ) (sumeraki, sumeragi)
皇 (すめら)御軍 (みくさ) (sumera-mikusa)
皇 (すめら)御 (み)国 (くに) (sumera-mikuni)
天皇 (すめらみこと), 皇尊 (すめらみこと) (sumera-mikoto, form of address to the Emperor of Japan)

Proper noun

皇 (hiragana すめら, rōmaji Sumera)

a female given name

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
皇
すべらぎ Grade: 6
kun’yomi

From 天皇 (suberagi, archaic term for the Emperor of Japan, literally "heavenly sovereign"), without the connotation of "divine, godly, heavenly". Found mainly in compounds. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi
- IPA^(key): [sɨᵝbe̞ɾa̠ɡʲi]

Noun

皇 (hiragana すべらぎ, rōmaji suberagi)

(archaic) a form of title or address to a person highest in rank (akin to the Emperor of Japan) (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)

Derived terms

今 (いま)皇 (すべらぎ) (ima suberagi)
法 (のり)の皇 (すべらぎ) (nori no suberagi)

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
皇
すめらぎ Grade: 6
kun’yomi

From 天皇 (sumeragi, archaic term for the Emperor of Japan, literally "heavenly sovereign"), without the connotation of "divine, godly, heavenly". (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi
- IPA^(key): [sɨᵝme̞ɾa̠ɡʲi]

Noun

皇 (hiragana すめらぎ, rōmaji sumeragi)

(archaic) a form of title or address to a person highest in rank (akin to the Emperor of Japan) (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)

Proper noun

皇 (hiragana すめらぎ, rōmaji Sumeragi)

a female given name
a surname.

Etymology 7

Various nanori readings.

Proper noun

皇 (hiragana きみ, rōmaji Kimi)

a female given name

皇 (hiragana きらり, rōmaji Kirari)

a female given name

皇 (hiragana こう, rōmaji Kō)

a unisex given name

皇 (hiragana ただす, rōmaji Tadasu)

a unisex given name

皇 (hiragana みゆき, rōmaji Miyuki)

a female given name

References

1 2 3 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean

Hanja

皇 • (hwang, wang) (hangeul 황, 왕)

emperor

Vietnamese

Han character

皇 (hoàng, huỳnh)

emperor

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[KDJ-1] 1 2 3 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan