昆

See also: 皆 and 崑

昆	U+6606, 昆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6606

← 昅
[U+6605]

CJK Unified Ideographs

昇 →
[U+6607]

Translingual

Han character

昆 (radical 72 日+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 日心心 (APP), four-corner 6071₁, composition ⿱日比)

Derived terms

混

References

KangXi: page 490, character 39

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13792

Dae Jaweon: page 852, character 9

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1489, character 9

Unihan data for U+6606

Chinese

simp. and trad.		昆

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (昆) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
昆	*kuːn
琨	*kuːn
鯤	*kuːn
菎	*kuːn
崐	*kuːn
蜫	*kuːn
惃	kuːn, kuːnʔ
錕	kuːn, kuːnʔ
猑	*kuːn
騉	*kuːn
緄	*kuːnʔ
輥	*kuːnʔ
棍	kuːns, ɡuːnʔ
餛	*ɡuːn
混	*ɡuːnʔ
焜	*ɡuːnʔ
倱	*ɡuːnʔ
掍	*ɡuːnʔ
箟	*kʰrun

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 日 + 比.

Etymology 1

“elder brother”: From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)əw-n (“elder brother; senior male relative”); cognate with 舅 (OC *ɡuʔ, “maternal uncle”) (Benedict, 1972; STEDT).; Alternatively, it may be related to Middle Mon ko² (“elder brother”), with nominal suffix -n added (Schuessler, 2007).
“descendants; later”: Perhaps from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kuun (“child”); cognate with Min 囝 (“son; child”) (Schuessler, 2007).
“many; numerous”: From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kul (“twenty; all”); cognate with 群 (OC *ɡlun, “herd; all”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kūn (kun¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄣ
Cantonese (Jyutping): kwan¹, gwan¹
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): khun

(Teochew, Peng'im): kung¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: kūn
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄣ
  - Wade–Giles: k'un¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuen
  - IPA ^(key): /kʰu̯ən⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: kwan¹, gwan¹
  - Yale: kwān, gwān
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kwan¹, gwan¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: kuen¹, guen¹
  - IPA ^(key): /kʷʰɐn⁵⁵/, /kʷɐn⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khun
  - Tâi-lô: khun
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qwn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰun⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰun³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰun⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰun⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰun⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kung¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khung
  - IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ³³/

Middle Chinese: /kuən/▼

Rime
Character	昆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古渾切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuən/
Pan Wuyun	/kuon/
Shao Rongfen	/kuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwən/
Li Rong	/kuən/
Wang Li	/kuən/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gūn

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤu[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*kuːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	昆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kūn
Middle Chinese	‹ kwon ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˤu[n]/
English	elder brother
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	昆
Reading #	1/1
No.	7519
Phonetic component	昆
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	昆
Old Chinese	/*kuːn/
Notes	金文象日下二人比肩同作，造意同眾而省文，如夕月異語共義轉註例

Definitions

昆

^† simultaneously
^† elder brother
^† descendants
^† later
^† many; numerous
^† Alternative form of 焜 (kūn).
Short for 昆明 (Kūnmíng).
A surname.

Compounds

公昆弟
垂裕後昆／垂裕后昆
寄生昆蟲／寄生昆虫
後昆／后昆
昆仲 (kūnzhòng)
昆吾
昆士蘭／昆士兰 (Kūnshìlán)
昆夷
昆季

昆布 (kūnbù)
昆弟
昆弟之好
昆明 (Kūnmíng)
昆明池
昆明湖 (Kūnmíng Hú)
昆池劫灰
昆玉
昆蟲／昆虫 (kūnchóng)

昆蟲學／昆虫学 (kūnchóngxué)
昆蟲綱／昆虫纲
昆裔
昆邪
昆陽／昆阳
玉昆金友
賢昆仲／贤昆仲
賢昆玉／贤昆玉
金友玉昆

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hún (hun²)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: hún
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˊ
  - Wade–Giles: hun²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwen
  - IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən³⁵/

Definitions

昆

Only used in 昆侖／昆仑 (húnlún), alternative form of 渾淪／浑沦 (húnlún).

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hùn (hun⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): wan⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: hùn
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˋ
  - Wade–Giles: hun⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huenn
  - IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: wan⁶
  - Yale: wahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wan⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: wen⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /wɐn²²/

Definitions

昆

^† Alternative form of 混 (hùn, “to unite”).
54th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "unity"

Etymology 4

For pronunciation and definitions of 昆 – see 崑 (“dot=”). (This character, 昆, is the simplified and variant traditional form of 崑.)
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.

References

(Cantonese) Multi-function Chinese Character Database (漢語多功能字庫)

Japanese

Kanji

昆

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

A swarm of or an organism that swarms (e.g. bugs), an organism that forms in large groups (e.g. kombu)
elder brother
descendants, great-great-great-great grandchild

Readings

Goon: こん (kon, Jōyō)
Kan’on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
Kun: あに (ani, 昆); なかま (nakama); むれ (mure)
Nanori: ひ (hi); ひで (hide); やす (yasu)

Compounds

昆 (こん)虫 (ちゅう) (konchū)
昆 (こん)布 (ぶ) (konbu)

昆 (こん)弟 (てい) (kontei)
昆 (こん)孫 (そん) (konson)

Korean

Hanja

昆 • (gon, hon) (hangeul 곤, 혼, revised gon, hon, McCune–Reischauer kon, hon, Yale kon, hon)

(맏형 곤, mat-hyeong-): the eldest brother

Vietnamese

Han character

昆 (con, côn, gon)

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