乾

See also: 亁, 干, and ☰
乾 U+4E7E, 乾
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E7E
← 乽
[U+4E7D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 乿 →
[U+4E7F]

Translingual

Han character

乾 (radical 5, 乙+10, 11 strokes, cangjie input 十十人弓 (JJON), four-corner 48417, composition ⿰龺乞)

Derived characters

  • 𠼳, 墘, 𢠥, 㨴, 漧, 𨼃, 𤍯, 𭢇, 𨫬, 𫙱, 𨝌, 𨝝

References

  • KangXi: page 84, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 204
  • Dae Jaweon: page 172, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 56, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+4E7E

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 乾
Small seal script

s10941

s10942

Transcribed ancient scripts

L32029

L32030

L32031

L32032

L07189

L07190

L07191

L07192

L07193

L07194

L07195

L07196

L07197

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (倝) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
乾 *kaːn, *ɡran
漧 *kaːn
倝 *kaːns
榦 *kaːns
韓 *ɡaːn
鶾 *ɡaːn
翰 *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns
瀚 *ɡaːns
螒 *ɡaːns
雗 *ɡaːns
斡 *qʷaːd

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaːn, *ɡran) : phonetic 倝 (OC *kaːns) + semantic 乙.

Etymology 1

trad. 乾
simp. 干*
alt. forms 亁
乹

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kan (“to dry; to dry up”). Cognate with Burmese ခန်း (hkan:, “to dry up; to evaporate”).

The sense “lacking sweetness” is a calque of French sec or English dry.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • kan - literary;
  • koaⁿ/koa - vernacular.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 乾 (乾旱)
Mandarin Beijing /kan⁵⁵/
Harbin /kan⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kan²¹/
Jinan /kã²¹³/
Qingdao /kã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kan²⁴/
Xi'an /kã²¹/
Xining /kã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kan⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /kan⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kan⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kan⁵⁵/
Guiyang /kan⁵⁵/
Kunming /kã̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /kaŋ³¹/
Hefei /kæ̃²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kæ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /kɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /kæ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kø⁵³/
Suzhou /kø⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /kẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /ky³³/
Hui Shexian /kɛ³¹/
Tunxi /kuə¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kan³³/
Xiangtan /kan³³/
Gan Nanchang /kɵn⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kon⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kon²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɔn⁵³/
Nanning /kɔn⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kɔn⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kan⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kaŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kuiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /kaŋ³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /kaŋ²³/
Rime
Character 乾
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古寒切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kɑn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kɑn/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kan/
Li
Rong		 /kɑn/
Wang
Li		 /kɑn/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 gān
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 乾
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 gān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kan ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[k]ˤar/
English dry

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 乾
Reading # 1/2
No. 3698
Phonetic
component		 倝
Rime
group		 元
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 干
Old
Chinese		 /*kaːn/

Definitions

乾

  1. dry; moistureless; waterless; arid
    我喉嚨很乾。 / 我喉咙很干。  ―  Wǒ hóulóng hěn gān.  ―  My throat feels dry.
  2. to dry; to exhaust
  3. † to neglect; to snub
  4. dried up; exhausted; drained
  5. (of voice) dry and coarse
  6. dried-up food
  7. adopted; adoptive; foster
  8. in vain; for nothing
  9. falsely; superficially
  10. not sweet; lacking sweetness

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 乾 (“dry”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 乾
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 乾
Mandarin Beijing 乾
Taiwan 乾
Jinan 乾
Xi'an 乾
Wuhan 乾、乾燥
Chengdu 乾
Yangzhou 乾
Hefei 乾
Cantonese Guangzhou 乾
Hong Kong 乾
Yangjiang 燥
Gan Nanchang 乾
Hakka Meixian 乾、燥
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 燥
Liudui (S. Sixian) 燥
Hsinchu (Hailu) 燥
Dongshi (Dabu) 燥
Zhuolan (Raoping) 燥
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 燥
Jin Taiyuan 乾
Min Bei Jian'ou 焦
Min Dong Fuzhou 焦、乾
Min Nan Xiamen 焦
Quanzhou 焦
Zhangzhou 焦
Taipei 焦
Penang 焦
Chaozhou 焦
Wu Suzhou 乾、燥
Wenzhou 燥
Xiang Changsha 乾
Shuangfeng 乾、燥

Compounds

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.
 乾
alt. forms 乹

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-ka-n (“heaven; sky; sun”). Cognate with Tibetan མཁའ (mkha'), ནམ་མཁའ (nam mkha', “sky; heaven”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 乾
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 仙 (79)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) Chongniu III
Fanqie 渠焉切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɡˠiᴇn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɡᵚiɛn/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɡiæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /gian/
Li
Rong		 /ɡjɛn/
Wang
Li		 /ɡĭɛn/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /gi̯ɛn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 qián
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 乾
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 qián
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ gjen ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ɡ](r)ar/
English heaven; heavenly

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 乾
Reading # 2/2
No. 3709
Phonetic
component		 倝
Rime
group		 元
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 乾
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡran/

Definitions

乾

  1. first of the eight trigrams (bagua) used in Taoist cosmology, represented by the symbol ☰
  2. † (figuratively) sky; heaven
    乾道  ―  qiándào  ―  ways of heaven; natural law
  3. † (figuratively) emperor; monarch
  4. † (figuratively) sun
  5. † (figuratively) northwest
  6. † (figuratively) man; male
  7. A surname​.

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

乾

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. northwest
  2. dehydrate
  3. arid
  4. drought
  5. imbibe
  6. paradise
  7. the emperor

Readings

Etymology

戌 (inu) +‎ 亥 (i)

Noun

乾 (hiragana いぬい, rōmaji inui, historical hiragana いぬゐ)

  1. (obsolete) northwest

Proper noun

乾 (hiragana いぬい, rōmaji Inui, historical hiragana いぬゐ)

  1. A surname​.

Korean

Hanja

乾 • (geon, gan) (hangeul 건, 간, revised geon, gan, McCune–Reischauer kŏn, kan)

  1. (하늘 건, haneul-): sky
  2. (건괘 건, geon-gwae-): ☷ or the 1st of the Eight Trigrams (☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ or 八卦 (팔괘, palgwae))
  3. (임금 건, im-geum-): king
  4. (마를 건, mareul-): to be dry

Synonyms

  • 天 (천, cheon)
  • 干 (간, gan) (translingual; simplified hanzi for 乾)

Antonyms

See also

八卦 (팔괘, palgwae)

    7+0=111+000 (U+2630)* ☰ 乾 天 sky
    6+1=110+001 (U+2631) ☱ 兌 澤 marsh
    5+2=101+010 (U+2632) ☲ 離 火 fire
    4+3=100+011 (U+2633) ☳ 震 雷 thunder
    3+4=011+100 (U+2634) ☴ 巽 風 wind
    2+5=010+101 (U+2635) ☵ 坎 水 water
    1+6=001+110 (U+2636) ☶ 艮 山 mountain
    0+7=000+111 (U+2637) ☷ 坤 地 earth

    [*] Decimal pair=Binary pair (Codepoint). (The solid bar "—" of the Trigrams may be assigned to the binary number "1", while the split bar "--" to "0".)

Vietnamese

Han character

乾 (kiền, cạn, can, càn, khan, gàn)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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