強

See also: 强 and 彊
強 U+5F37, 強
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F37
← 弶
[U+5F36] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 弸 →
[U+5F38]

Translingual

Japanese 強
Simplified 强
Traditional 強

Han character

強 (radical 57, 弓+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈中戈 (NILI), four-corner 13236, composition ⿰弓𧈧 or ⿸弘虫)

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 強
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (強) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
繈 *kaŋʔ
襁 *kaŋʔ
膙 *kaŋʔ
鏹 *kaŋʔ
勥 *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ
強 *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ

Zhengzhang (2003): Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 弘 (OC *ɡʷɯːŋ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).

Pronunciation 1

trad. 強
simp. 强
alt. forms 强
彊
Note:
  • kiông/kiâng - literary;
  • kiûⁿ - vernacular.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: kiang5 / kiang3 / gion5 / giên5
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiâng / khiàng / kiôⁿ / kiêⁿ
      • IPA (key): /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵/, /kʰiaŋ²¹³/, /kĩõ⁵⁵/, /kĩẽ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • kiang3 - "clever", "good at";
  • gion5 - "superior;
  • better" (giên5 - Chaozhou).
Rime
Character 強
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 巨良切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɡɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɡiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɡiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /gɨaŋ/
Li
Rong		 /ɡiaŋ/
Wang
Li		 /ɡĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /gi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 qiáng
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 強
Reading # 1/2
No. 10318
Phonetic
component		 强
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 強
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡaŋ/
Notes 彊省聲而非弘聲，通借爲彊

Definitions

強

  1. strong; powerful; energetic
  2. to strengthen
  3. staunch; strong-willed
  4. brutal; forceful
    強拖乘客下機 / 强拖乘客下机  ―  qiángtuō chéngkè xiàjī  ―  to forcefully drag a passenger off the plane
  5. capable; of a high level
  6. superior; better
  7. slightly more than; plus
  8. (Teochew) clever
  9. (Teochew) good at
Antonyms

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

trad. 強
simp. 强
alt. forms 强
彊

Definitions

強

  1. to force; to compel; to coerce
    勉強 / 勉强  ―  miǎnqiǎng  ―  to force somebody to do something
  2. to strive

Compounds

Pronunciation 3

trad. 強
simp. 强
alt. forms 犟
勥
强
彊
Rime
Character 強
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 其兩切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɡɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɡiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɡiɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /gɨaŋX/
Li
Rong		 /ɡiaŋX/
Wang
Li		 /ɡĭaŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /gi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jiàng
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 強
Reading # 2/2
No. 10319
Phonetic
component		 强
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 勥
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡaŋʔ/
Notes 彊字注或體

Definitions

強

  1. † hard; stiff
  2. stubborn; obstinate
  3. A surname​.

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

強

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. strong
  2. powerful
  3. potent

Readings

Compounds

Proper noun

強 (hiragana つよし, rōmaji Tsuyoshi)

  1. A male given name

Korean

Hanja

強 • (gang)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 강 (McCune–Reischauer: kang, Yale: kang)
    • Name (hangeul): 강할
  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

Compounds

Adverb

強 (càng)

  1. With a comparative or verb phrase, establishes a parallel with one or more other such comparatives.
    • 18th–19th century: Hồ Xuân Hương, "Vịnh quạt"
      強(càng)燶(nóng)包(bao)饒(nhiêu)辰(thời)強(càng)沫(mát)/要(yêu)店(đêm)諸(chưa)斐(phỉ)吏(lại)要(yêu)𣈜(ngày)
      The hotter you get, the more refreshing you get / It wasn’t enough to love at night, now we love during the day.
  2. all the more, all the less

References

  • Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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