乎

See also: 平

乎	U+4E4E, 乎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E4E

← 乍
[U+4E4D]

CJK Unified Ideographs

乏 →
[U+4E4F]

Translingual

Han character

乎 (radical 4, 丿+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹火木 (HFD), four-corner 2040₉)

Derived characters

呼謼

Descendants

ヲ

References

KangXi: page 82, character 7

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 131

Dae Jaweon: page 166, character 1

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 36, character 8

Unihan data for U+4E4E

Chinese

simp. and trad.		乎
alt. forms		𠂞𠂠齁 Hokkien question particle

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 乎

Shang

Western Zhou

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Oracle bone script

Bronze inscriptions

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Oracle bone script**
j11586	j11587	j11588	j11589	j11590	j11591	j11592	j11593
j11594	j11595	j11596	j11597	j11598	j11599	j11600	j11601
j11602	j11603	j11604	j11605	j11606	j11607	j11608	j11609
j11610	j11611	j11612	j11613	j11614	j11615	j11616	j11617
j11618	j11619	j11620	j11621	j11622	j11623	j11624	j11625
j11626	j11627	j11628	j11629	j11630	j11631	j11632	j11633
j11634	j11635	j11636	j11637	j11638	j11639	j11640	j11641
j11642	j11643	j11644	j11645	j11646	j11647	j11648	j11649
j11650	j11651	j11652	j11653	j11654	j11655	j11656	j11657
j11658	j11659	j11660	j11661	j11662	j11663	j11664	j11665
j11666	j11667	j11668	j11669	j11670	j11671	j11672	j11673
j11674	j11675	j11676	j11677	j11678	j11679	j11680	j11681
j11682	j11683	j11684	j11685	j11686	j11687	j11688	j11689
j11690	j11691	j11692

**Bronze inscriptions**
b07119	b07120	b07121	b07122	b07123	b07124	b07125	b07126
b07127	b07128	b07129	b07130	b07131	b07132	b07133	b07134
b07135	b07136	b07137	b07138	b07139	b07140	b07141	b07142
b07143	b07144	b07145	b07146	b07147	b07148	b07149	b07150
b07151	b07152	b07153	b07154	b07155	b07156	b07157	b07158
b07159	b07160

**Small seal script**
s03512

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L03355	L03356	L03357

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (乎) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
罅	*qʰraːs
呼	*qʰaː
軤	*qʰaː
苸	*qʰaː
嘑	*qʰaː
歑	*qʰaː
謼	qʰaː, qʰaːs
滹	*qʰaː
乎	*ɢaː
虖	qʰaː, qʰʷa, qʰaː, qʰʷa
嫭	*ɢaːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢaː) : semantic [Term?] (“wind; air”) + phonetic 丂 (OC *kʰluːʔ) – original form of 呼 (OC *qʰaː, “to call; to cry”). Compare 兮 (OC *ɢeː).

Etymology 1

in; at; on: Attrited or unstressed form of 於 (OC *qa) (Schuessler, 2007).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hū, hú (hu¹, hu²)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨ, ㄏㄨˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): fu⁴, wu⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): fu³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fû / fù

(Meixian, Guangdong): fu²
Min Dong (BUC): hŭ
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): ho͘ / hohⁿ / hôⁿ / hoⁿ / hōⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): hu¹ / hu⁷
Wu (Wiktionary): hhu (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: hū
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨ
  - Wade–Giles: hu¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hu
  - IPA ^(key): /xu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, rare literary variant)⁺
  - Pinyin: hú
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨˊ
  - Wade–Giles: hu²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwu
  - IPA ^(key): /xu³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: fu⁴, wu⁴
  - Yale: fùh, wùh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fu⁴, wu⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: fu⁴, wu⁴
  - IPA ^(key): /fuː²¹/, /wuː²¹/

Note: wu4 - rare.

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: fu³
  - IPA ^(key): /fu²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fû / fù
  - Hakka Romanization System: fu´ / fuˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fu¹ / fu²
  - IPA: /fu²⁴/, /fu¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: fu²
  - IPA: /fu¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hŭ
  - IPA ^(key): /hu⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ho͘
  - Tâi-lô: hoo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hof
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hohⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: honnh
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvoq
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔ̃ʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: hônn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvoo
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /hɔ̃²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: honn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvof
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔ̃⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hōⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: hōnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvo
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔ̃²²/

Note:

ho͘ - literary;
hohⁿ/hôⁿ/hoⁿ/hōⁿ - vernacular (question particle).

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hu¹ / hu⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hu / hū
  - IPA ^(key): /hu³³/, /hu¹¹/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hhu (T3)
  - IPA ^(key): /ɦv̩ʷ²³/

Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 乎
Mandarin	Beijing	/xu⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/xu⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/xu²¹/
	Jinan	/xu⁴²/
	Qingdao	/xu²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/xu²⁴/
	Xi'an	/xu²¹/
	Xining	/xv̩⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/xu⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/xu³¹/
	Ürümqi	/xu⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/xu⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/xu³¹/ /fu³¹/
	Guiyang	/fu⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/xu⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/xu³¹/
	Hefei	/xu²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xu¹¹/
	Pingyao	/xu¹³/
	Hohhot	/xu³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/hu⁵³/ /ɦu²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦəu¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦu²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/vu³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/xu³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/xu¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/fu¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɸu³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/fu⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/fu¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/fu¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/fu²¹/
	Nanning	/fu⁵⁵/ /wu²¹/
	Hong Kong	/fu²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/hɔ³⁵/ /hɔ⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/hu⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/xu⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/hu³³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/hu²³/

Middle Chinese: /ɦuo/▼

Rime
Character	乎
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	戸吳切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuo/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦuo/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣo/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦɔ/
Li Rong	/ɣo/
Wang Li	/ɣu/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hú

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢˤa/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɢaː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	乎	乎
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hū	hū
Middle Chinese	‹ hu ›	‹ hu ›
Old Chinese	/*ɢˤa/	/*ɢˤa/
English	(Q particle)	in, at
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	乎
Reading #	1/1
No.	5189
Phonetic component	乎
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	胡
Old Chinese	/*ɢaː/

Definitions

乎

in; at; on
^† A suffix placed after adjectives and adverbs to express praise or amazement.
^† Sentence-final interrogative particle.
- 有朋自遠方來，不亦樂乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, circa 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Yǒu péng zì yuǎnfāng lái, bù yì lè hū? [Pinyin]
  Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?
^† Sentence-final exclamatory particle.
^† Sentence-final imperative particle.
^† Sentence-final speculative particle.

Compounds

不亦樂乎／不亦乐乎 (bùyìlèhū)
不在乎 (bù zàihu)
不外乎 (bùwàihū)
之乎者也 (zhīhūzhěyě)
二乎
云乎
似乎 (sìhū)
傻乎乎
出乎尋常／出乎寻常
出乎意外
出乎意料 (chūhūyìliào)
呀呀乎
嗟乎 (jiēhū)
在乎 (zàihū)
套近乎 (tàojìnhū)
幾乎／几乎 (jīhū)

微乎其微
情見乎言／情见乎言
情見乎辭／情见乎辞
應乎人心／应乎人心
扎乎
拉近乎
攻乎異端／攻乎异端
斷乎／断乎 (duànhū)
斷乎不可／断乎不可
於乎／于乎
於是乎／于是乎 (yúshìhū)
毫不在乎
況乎／况乎
渙乎／涣乎
溜之乎也

滿不在乎／满不在乎
猶之乎／犹之乎
異乎尋常／异乎寻常
瞠乎其後／瞠乎其后
瞠乎後矣／瞠乎后矣
確乎／确乎
神乎其技
神乎其神
胖乎乎 (pànghūhū)
臭乎乎
辣乎乎
近乎 (jìnhū)
迥乎不同
關乎／关乎 (guānhū)
難乎為繼／难乎为继

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Min Nan (POJ): hō͘

Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘
  - Tâi-lô: hōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ho
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔ³³/

Definitions

乎

Alternative form of 予 (hō͘).
- 嫁乎你是阮今生的願望。 [Taiwanese, trad.]
  嫁乎你是阮今生的愿望。 [Taiwanese, simp.]
  From: 2015, 曹雅雯 and 許富凱, 今生的願望
  Kè hō͘ lí sī gún kim-seng ê goān-bāng. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  Getting married to you is my wish in this life.
- 看你為伊咧傷心，乎我心內像針揻。 [Taiwanese, trad.]
  看你为伊咧伤心，乎我心内像针揻。 [Taiwanese, simp.]
  From: 2017, 蔡佳麟, 心‧離開
  Khòaⁿ lí ūi i teh siong-sim, hō͘ góa sim-lāi chhiūⁿ chiam ui. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  Seeing you grieve over him makes my heart feel like it is poked with a needle.

Japanese

Kanji

乎

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Goon: ご (go)
Kan’on: こ (ko); お (o)
Kun: よ (yo, 乎); かな (kana, 乎); ああ (ā, 乎); や (ya, 乎); か (ka, 乎); を (o, 乎)

Korean

Hanja

乎 • (ho)

Eumhun:
- Sound (hangeul): 호 (revised: ho, McCune–Reischauer: ho, Yale: ho)
- Name (hangeul): 어조사 (revised: eojosa, McCune–Reischauer: ǒjosa)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Naver Hanja Dictionary: 乎

Vietnamese

Han character

乎 (hồ)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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