惡

See also: 悪, 恶, 亞, and 噩
惡 U+60E1, 惡
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-60E1
← 惠
[U+60E0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 惢 →
[U+60E2]

Translingual

Traditional 惡
Shinjitai 悪
Simplified 恶

Han character

惡 (radical 61, 心+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一一心 (MMP), four-corner 10331, composition ⿱亞心)

References

  • KangXi: page 391, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10824
  • Dae Jaweon: page 724, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2307, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+60E1

Chinese

trad. 惡
simp. 恶*
alt. forms 僫

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 惡
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (亞) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
椏 *qaːʔ, *qraː
錏 *qraː
鵶 *qraː
啞 *qraːʔ, *qraːɡs, *qraːɡ, *qraːɡ
瘂 *qraːʔ
亞 *qraːɡs
婭 *qraːɡs
俹 *qraːɡs
稏 *qraːɡs
惡 *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ
噁 *qaːɡs
堊 *qaːɡ
蝁 *qaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ) : phonetic 亞 (OC *qraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Pronunciation 1

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • ok - literary;
  • oh - vernacular (“difficult; slow”, usually written as 僫).
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 惡 (善惡)
Mandarin Beijing /ɤ⁵¹/
Harbin /ɤ⁴⁴/
/nɤ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /nɤ⁵³/
Jinan /ŋə²¹³/
Qingdao /və⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɤ²⁴/
Xi'an /ŋɤ²¹/
Xining /nu⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ə¹³/
Lanzhou /ə¹³/
Ürümqi /ŋɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /uo²¹³/
Chengdu /ŋo³¹/
/o³¹/
Guiyang /ŋo²¹/
Kunming /o³¹/
Nanjing /oʔ⁵/
Hefei /ʐɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ɣaʔ²/
Pingyao /ŋʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /ŋaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /oʔ⁵/
Suzhou /oʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /ʔoʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /o²¹³/
Hui Shexian /ŋɔʔ²¹/
Tunxi /ŋo⁵/
Xiang Changsha /o²⁴/
Xiangtan /o²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /ŋɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ok̚¹/
Taoyuan /ok̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ɔk̚³/
Nanning /ɔk̚³³/
Hong Kong /ɔk̚³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /ok̚³²/
/oʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ɔuʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ɔ²⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /ak̚²/
Haikou (Min Nan) /ɔk̚⁵/
Rime
Character 惡
Reading # 3/3
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 鐸 (103)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 烏各切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʔɑk̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʔɑk̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʔɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʔak̚/
Li
Rong		 /ʔɑk̚/
Wang
Li		 /ɑk̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʔɑk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 e
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 惡
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 è
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ʔak ›
Old
Chinese		 /*ʔˤak/
English bad, ugly

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 惡
Reading # 3/3
No. 14220
Phonetic
component		 亞
Rime
group		 鐸
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 惡
Old
Chinese		 /*qaːɡ/

Definitions

惡

  1. evil; wicked; bad; foul
    Antonyms: 善 (shàn)
    惡毒 / 恶毒  ―  èdú  ―  malicious
  2. (Cantonese) fierce; hostile
    佢心情唔好就好惡㗎喇。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢心情唔好就好恶㗎喇。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    Keoi5 sam1 cing4 m4 hou2 zau6 hou2 ok3 gaa3 laa3. [Jyutping]
    When he's upset, he gets really hostile.
  3. (Cantonese, Min Nan) difficult
  4. (Taiwanese Min Nan) slow

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Rime
Character 惡
Reading # 2/3
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 烏路切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʔuoH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʔuoH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʔoH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʔɔH/
Li
Rong		 /ʔoH/
Wang
Li		 /uH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʔuoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 wù
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 惡
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 wù
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ʔuH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*ʔˤak-s/
English hate (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 惡
Reading # 2/3
No. 14219
Phonetic
component		 亞
Rime
group		 暮
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 汙
Old
Chinese		 /*qaːɡs/

Definitions

惡

  1. to hate; to loathe
    厭惡 / 厌恶  ―  yànwù  ―  to loathe

Compounds

Pronunciation 3

Rime
Character 惡
Reading # 1/3
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 哀都切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʔuo/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʔuo/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʔo/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʔɔ/
Li
Rong		 /ʔo/
Wang
Li		 /u/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʔuo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 wū
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 惡
Reading # 1/3
No. 14217
Phonetic
component		 亞
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 烏
Old
Chinese		 /*qaː/

Definitions

惡

  1. Interjection used to express surprise: oh; ah

Compounds

Pronunciation 4

For pronunciation and definitions of 惡 – see 噁.
(This character, 惡, is a variant traditional form of 噁.)

Japanese

Shinjitai

 悪

Kyūjitai

 惡

Kanji

惡

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 悪)

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Readings

Korean

Hanja

惡 • (ak, o) (hangeul 악, 오, revised ak, o, McCune–Reischauer ak, o, Yale ak, o)

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Compounds

  • 악감 [惡感]
  • 악감정 [惡感情]
  • 악과 [惡果]
  • 악기 [惡氣]
  • 악설 [惡說, 惡舌]

Vietnamese

Han character

惡 (ác, ố)

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