啟明
Chinese
| to open; to start | clear; bright; to understand; next; the Ming dynasty | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (啟明) | 啟 | 明 | |
| simp. (启明) | 启 | 明 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): kai2 ming4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khí-mìn
- Min Dong (BUC): kiē-mìng
- Min Nan (POJ): khé-bêng
- Wu (Wiktionary): qi min (T2)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiiming
- IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ miŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: kai2 ming4
- Yale: kái mìhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: kai2 ming4
- Guangdong Romanization: kei2 ming4
- IPA (key): /kʰɐi̯³⁵ mɪŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khí-mìn
- Hakka Romanization System: ki` minˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ki3 min2
- IPA: /kʰi³¹ min¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Dong
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khé-bêng
- Tâi-lô: khé-bîng
- Phofsit Daibuun: qefbeeng
- IPA (Xiamen): /kʰe⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰe⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰe⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɪŋ¹³/
- IPA (Taipei): /kʰe⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰe⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ biɪŋ²³/
- (Hokkien)
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: qi min (T2)
- IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi³³ mɪɲ⁴⁴/
- (Shanghainese)
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 啟 | 明 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 齊 (39) | 庚 (111) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 康禮切 | 武兵切 |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/kʰeiX/ | /mˠiæŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/kʰeiX/ | /mᵚiaŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/kʰɛiX/ | /miaŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/kʰɛjX/ | /miajŋ/ |
| Li Rong |
/kʰeiX/ | /miɐŋ/ |
| Wang Li |
/kʰieiX/ | /mĭɐŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/kʰieiX/ | /mi̯ɐŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
qǐ | míng |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 啟 | 明 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
qǐ | míng |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ khejX › | ‹ mjæng › |
| Old Chinese |
/*kʰˤijʔ/ | /*mraŋ/ |
| English | open (v.) | bright |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 啟 | 明 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 10129 | 9188 |
| Phonetic component |
啓 | 明 |
| Rime group |
支 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
啓 | 明 |
| Old Chinese |
/*kʰeːʔ/ | /*mraŋ/ |
| Notes | 啓通用異體見漢簡 | |
Adjective
啟明
- (literary) enlightened; intelligent; open-minded; understanding
- 帝曰：「疇咨若時登庸？」放齊曰：「胤子朱啟明。」帝曰：「吁！嚚訟可乎？」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
帝曰：“畴咨若时登庸？”放齐曰：“胤子朱启明。”帝曰：“吁！嚚讼可乎？” [Classical Chinese, simp.]- From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
- Dì yuē: “Chóuzī ruòshí dēngyōng?” Fàngqí yuē: “Yìnzǐ Zhū qǐmíng.” Dì yuē: “Xū! Yínsòng kě hū?” [Pinyin]
- The Emperor said, “Who will search out (for me) a man according to the times, whom I can raise and employ?”
Fang-qi said, “(Your) heir-son Zhu is highly intelligent.”
The Emperor said, “Alas; he is insincere and quarrelsome ― can he do?”
-
Noun
啟明
- (～星) (Chinese astronomy) planet Venus in the east before dawn; Lucifer
- 東有啟明，西有長庚。有捄天畢，載施之行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
东有启明，西有长庚。有捄天毕，载施之行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- From: The Classic of Poetry, circa 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Dōng yǒu qǐmíng, xī yǒu chánggēng. Yǒu qiú tiānbì, zài shī zhī xíng. [Pinyin]
- In the east there is Lucifer;
In the west there is Hesperus;
Long and curved is the Rabbit Net of the sky; -
But they only occupy their places.
-
Verb
啟明
Derived terms
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