長

See also: 长
長 U+9577, 長
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9577
← 镶
[U+9576] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 镸 →
[U+9578]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Alternative forms

  • 镸 (when used as a radical)

Han character

長 (radical 168, 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 71732)

  1. Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.

Derived characters

  • Index:Chinese radical/長
  • 髟

References

  • KangXi: page 1328, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 4050, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9577

Chinese

trad. 長
simp. 长

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 長
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (長) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
張 *taŋ, *taŋs
餦 *taŋ
粻 *taŋ
漲 *taŋ, *taŋʔ, *taŋs
長 *taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs
脹 *taŋs
痮 *taŋs
帳 *taŋs
賬 *taŋs
倀 *tʰaŋ, *rtaːŋs
鼚 *tʰaŋ
鋹 *tʰaŋʔ
悵 *tʰaŋs
韔 *tʰaŋs
萇 *daŋ
瓺 *daŋ, *daŋs
棖 *rdaːŋ
掁 *rdaːŋ

Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare 彡.

Etymology

Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).

Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative.

See 張 for more.

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • dòng - colloquial;
  • diòng - literary.
Note:
  • tn̂g - colloquial;
  • tiông/tiâng - literary;
  • chhiâng - literary (limited, e.g. 笨長／笨长 and 高長／高长).
Note:
  • deng5 - colloquial;
  • ciang5 - literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 長 (長短)
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
/t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡sʰaŋ³¹/
Guiyang /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠¹/
Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/
/t͡suə¹³/
Hohhot /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zã²³/
Suzhou /zã¹³/
Hangzhou /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /d͡ʑi³¹/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
Xiangtan /ɖ͡ʐɔn¹²/
Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /tʃʰoŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Nanning /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /tiɔŋ³⁵/
/tŋ̍³⁵/
/t͡sʰiaŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /touŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/
/tɯŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /siaŋ³¹/
/ʔdo³¹/
Rime
Character 長
Reading # 1/3
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 直良切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɖɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɖiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ȡiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɖɨaŋ/
Li
Rong		 /ȡiaŋ/
Wang
Li		 /ȡĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ȡʱi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 cháng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 長
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 cháng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ drjang ›
Old
Chinese		 /*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
English long (adj.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 長
Reading # 2/3
No. 1276
Phonetic
component		 長
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 長
Old
Chinese		 /*daŋ/

Definitions

長

  1. long (of distance)
    長征 / 长征  ―  chángzhēng  ―  Long March
  2. length
    全長 / 全长  ―  quáncháng  ―  full length (of a river)
  3. long (in space); far; distant
  4. long (of time); lasting
  5. everlasting; permanent
  6. constantly; frequently
    ⇒ 常
  7. straight; perfectly straight
  8. upright; right; good; fine
  9. strength; advantage; merit
  10. skill; specialism
  11. to excel in
  12. A surname​.

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Note:
  • tióng/tiáng - literary;
  • tiúⁿ/tióⁿ - vernacular ("leader");
  • chiáng - colloquial ("to grow", limited).
Rime
Character 長
Reading # 2/3
Initial (聲) 知 (9)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 知丈切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʈɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʈiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ȶiɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʈɨaŋX/
Li
Rong		 /ȶiaŋX/
Wang
Li		 /ȶĭaŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ȶi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 zhǎng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 長
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 zhǎng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ trjangX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*traŋʔ/
English grow; elder

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 長
Reading # 1/3
No. 1263
Phonetic
component		 長
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 長
Old
Chinese		 /*taŋʔ/

Definitions

長

  1. to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
    長大 / 长大  ―  zhǎngdà  ―  to grow old
  2. (of a person) to look; to appear (e.g. beautiful)
  3. (transitive) to increase; to enhance
  4. (intransitive) to increase; to go up
    ⇒ 漲
  5. to nourish
  6. old (of age)
    年長 / 年长  ―  niánzhǎng  ―  senior
  7. senior; elder
    兄長 / 兄长  ―  xiōngzhǎng  ―  elder brother
  8. leader; master; chief; head
  9. eldest; oldest

Compounds

Pronunciation 3

Rime
Character 長
Reading # 3/3
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 直亮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɖɨɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɖiɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ȡiɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɖɨaŋH/
Li
Rong		 /ȡiaŋH/
Wang
Li		 /ȡĭaŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ȡʱi̯aŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 zhàng
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 長
Reading # 3/3
No. 1280
Phonetic
component		 長
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 仗
Old
Chinese		 /*daŋs/

Definitions

長

  1. (archaic) length; measure of length
    ⇒ 丈
  2. (archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
    今旦飯長野儕。 [Min Dong, trad.]
    今旦饭长野侪。 [Min Dong, simp.]
    Gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ (t-)nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
    There is a lot of leftover food today.

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

長

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
長
ちょう
Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 長 (drjang, “long”).

Pronunciation

Noun

長 (hiragana ちょう, rōmaji chō, historical hiragana ちやう)

  1. chief, head, leader
    班 (はん)長 (ちょう)
    han chō
    the group leader
  2. strong point
    長 (ちょう　)を伸 (　の)ばす
    chō o nobasu
    enrich a strong point
  3. (music) major

Antonyms

Proper noun

長 (hiragana ひさし, rōmaji Hisashi)

  1. A male given name

長 (hiragana たける, rōmaji Takeru)

  1. A male given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
長
おさ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

長 (hiragana おさ, rōmaji osa, historical hiragana をさ)

  1. chief, head, leader

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
長
なが
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

Alternative forms

Prefix

長 (hiragana なが, rōmaji naga-)

  1. long

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
長
つかさ
Grade: 2
Irregular

Pronunciation

Alternative forms

Noun

長 (hiragana つかさ, rōmaji tsukasa)

  1. a manager, a headman, a foreman
  2. an official
  3. government service

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
長
たき
Grade: 2
Irregular

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)
    • IPA(key): [ta̠kʲi]

Alternative forms

Noun

長 (hiragana たき, rōmaji taki)

  1. height

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
長
たけ
Grade: 2
Irregular

/take2/: [takye] → [take]. Cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).

Pronunciation

Alternative forms

Noun

長 (hiragana たけ, rōmaji take)

  1. height

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1 2 3 4 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

長 • (jang)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 장 (McCune–Reischauer: chang, Yale: cang)
    • Name (hangeul): 길다 (revised: gilda, McCune–Reischauer: kilda, Yale: kilta)
  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Character

Readings

References

  • Nom Foundation
  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
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