相濡以沫
Chinese
- each other; appearance; portrait; picture; one another; mutually
dilatory; to moisten to use; according to; so as to; in order to; by; with; because; Israel (abbrev.)foam; suds simp. and trad.
(相濡以沫)相 濡 以 沫 Literally: “to moisten each other with spittle”.
Etymology
From Zhuangzi [ca. 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE]:
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
- Quán hé, yú xiāngyǔ chǔ yú lù, xiāng xǔ yǐ shī, xiāng rú yǐ mò, bùrú xiāngwàng yú jiānghú. [Pinyin]
- When the springs are dried up, the fishes collect together on the land. Than that they should moisten one another there by the damp about them, and keep one another wet by their slime, it would be better for them to forget one another in the rivers and lakes.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤ ㄖㄨˊ ㄧˇ ㄇㄛˋ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiangruyyimoh
- IPA (key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐu³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: soeng1 jyu4 ji5 mut6
- Yale: sēung yùh yíh muht
- Cantonese Pinyin: soeng1 jy4 ji5 mut9
- Guangdong Romanization: sêng1 yu4 yi5 mud6
- IPA (key): /sœːŋ⁵⁵ jyː²¹ jiː¹³ muːt̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
| Rime | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 相 | 濡 | 以 | 沫 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 日 (38) | 以 (36) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 虞 (24) | 之 (19) | 末 (64) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III | III | I |
| Fanqie | 息良切 | 人朱切 | 羊己切 | 莫撥切 |
| Reconstructions | ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/sɨɐŋ/ | /ȵɨo/ | /jɨX/ | /muɑt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/siɐŋ/ | /ȵio/ | /jɨX/ | /mʷɑt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/siɑŋ/ | /ȵʑio/ | /ieX/ | /muɑt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/sɨaŋ/ | /ȵuə̆/ | /jɨX/ | /mwat̚/ |
| Li Rong |
/siaŋ/ | /ȵio/ | /iəX/ | /muɑt̚/ |
| Wang Li |
/sĭaŋ/ | /ȵʑĭu/ | /jĭəX/ | /muɑt̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/si̯aŋ/ | /ȵʑi̯u/ | /iX/ | /muɑt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
xiāng | rú | yǐ | mò |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 相 | 濡 | 以 | 沫 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
xiāng | rú | yǐ | mò |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ sjang › | ‹ nyu › | ‹ yiX › | ‹ mat › |
| Old Chinese |
/*[s]aŋ/ | /*no/ | /*ləʔ/ | /*mˤat/ |
| English | mutually | wet, glossy | take, use | foam, spittle |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 相 | 濡 | 以 | 沫 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13579 | 13970 | 14929 | 9233 |
| Phonetic component |
相 | 需 | 以 | 末 |
| Rime group |
陽 | 侯 | 之 | 月 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
襄 | 儒 | 以 | 末 |
| Old Chinese |
/*slaŋ/ | /*njo/ | /*lɯʔ/ | /*maːd/ |
| Notes | 需轉註字 | |||
Idiom
相濡以沫
- (figuratively) to help each other pull through a crisis; mutual help when both are in humble situations
- (figuratively, of a loving couple) to accompany each other through times of prosperity and hardships till the end of time
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