所以

Chinese

		actually; place; (nominalisation prefix)	to use; according to; so as to to use; according to; so as to; in order to; by; with; because; Israel (abbrev.)
simp. and trad. (所以)		所	以

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): suǒyǐ

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄛˇ ㄧˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): so² ji⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): só-yî
Min Dong (BUC): sū-ī
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): só͘-í / sé-í

(Teochew, Peng'im): so² i²
Wu (Wiktionary): su i (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: suǒyǐ [Phonetic: suóyǐ]
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄛˇ ㄧˇ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suuoyyi
  - IPA ^(key): /su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: so² ji⁵
  - Yale: só yíh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: so² ji⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: so² yi⁵
  - IPA ^(key): /sɔː³⁵ jiː¹³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: só-yî
  - Hakka Romanization System: so` i´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: so³ yi¹
  - IPA: /so³¹ i²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: só-yî
  - Hakka Romanization System: so` (r)i´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: so³ yi¹
  - IPA: /so³¹ (j)i²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sū-ī
  - IPA ^(key): /su³³⁻³⁵ i³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: só͘-í
  - Tâi-lô: sóo-í
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sofie
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /sɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ i⁴¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ i⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sé-í
  - Tâi-lô: sé-í
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sefie
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /se⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: so² i²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: só í
  - IPA ^(key): /so⁵²⁻³⁵ i⁵²⁻²¹/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: su i (T2)
  - IPA ^(key): /sv̩ʷ³³ i⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: /ʃɨʌ^X jɨ^X/▼

Rime
Character	所	以
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	生 (21)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	踈舉切	羊己切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʃɨʌ^X/	/jɨ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ʃiɔ^X/	/jɨ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ʃiɔ^X/	/ie^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʂɨə̆^X/	/jɨ^X/
Li Rong	/ʃiɔ^X/	/iə^X/
Wang Li	/ʃĭo^X/	/jĭə^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʂi̯wo^X/	/i^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shǔ	yǐ

Old Chinese▼
(Zhengzhang): /*sqʰraʔ lɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	以
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ yi^X ›
Old Chinese	/*ləʔ/
English	take, use
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	所	以
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	5306	14929
Phonetic component	戸	以
Rime group	魚	之
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	所	以
Old Chinese	/*sqʰraʔ/	/*lɯʔ/

Conjunction

所以

therefore; so; consequently
明天要考試了，所以我今天只能留在家裡複習功課。 [MSC, trad.]
明天要考试了，所以我今天只能留在家里复习功课。 [MSC, simp.]
Míngtiān yào kǎoshì le, suǒyǐ wǒ jīntiān zhǐ néng liú zài jiālǐ fùxí gōngkè. [Pinyin]
I have a test tomorrow, so I have to stay at home today and review my homework.

他是南方人，所以一張口說話就帶有南方口音。 [MSC, trad.]
他是南方人，所以一张口说话就带有南方口音。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā shì nánfāngrén, suǒyǐ yī zhāngkǒu shuōhuà jiù dàiyǒu nánfāng kǒuyīn. [Pinyin]
He is from the South, so when he opens his mouth to speak, you can hear his Southern accent.
Used in the first part of a sentence to indicate a reason that will be explained in the second part of the sentence.
我所以要反對這個計畫，是因為我覺得其中有不少疏漏。 [MSC, trad.]
我所以要反对这个计画，是因为我觉得其中有不少疏漏。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ suǒyǐ yào fǎnduì zhège jìhuà, shì yīnwèi wǒ juéde qízhōng yǒu bùshào shūlòu. [Pinyin]
My reason for opposing this plan, is because I feel that there are quite a few holes in it.

Synonyms

(therefore): 是故 (shìgù), (literary) 是以 (shìyǐ), (literary) 以是 (yǐshì), 因此 (yīncǐ), 因而 (yīn'ér), 於是乎／于是乎 (yúshìhū), 於是／于是 (yúshì), (Hakka) 故所 (gùsuǒ)

Noun

所以

(literary) that by which
(literary) the reason why
(literary) proper behaviour

Derived terms

所以然

References

Cai, Junming (蔡俊明) (editor) (1991). “所以 so˥˧꜔꜒ i~˥˧꜕꜖” in 《潮州方言詞滙》. Hong Kong, T.T. Ng Chinese Language Research Centre, CUHK.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
所	以
Grade: 3	Grade: 4
Irregular

Etymology

ゆえになり (yue ni nari) > ゆえんなり (yue n nari) > ゆえん (yue-n). See 故 (yue). The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓).

Noun

所以 (hiragana ゆえん, rōmaji yuen)

reason, grounds

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