約

See also: 约
約 U+7D04, 約
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D04
← 紃
[U+7D03] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 紅 →
[U+7D05]

Translingual

Han character

約 (radical 120, 糸+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 女火心戈 (VFPI) or 女火心一 (VFPM), four-corner 27920, composition ⿰糹勺)

Derived characters

References

  • KangXi: page 915, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27242
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1343, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 5, page 3364, character 15
  • Unihan data for U+7D04

Chinese

trad. 約
simp. 约

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 約
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (勺) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
豹 *preːwɢs
趵 *preːwɢs, *preːwɢ
尥 *breːw, *b·reːwɢs
箹 *ʔreːwɢs, *ʔreːwɢ
杓 *plew, *pʰlew, *bljewɢ, *pleːwɢ
約 *ʔlewɢs, *ʔlewɢ
扚 *pleːwʔ, *pleːwɢ
釣 *pleːwɢs
瘹 *teːwɢs
芍 *ɡleːwʔ, *spʰlewɢ, *pl'ewɢ, *bljewɢ, *pleːwɢ
酌 *pljewɢ
灼 *pljewɢ
勺 *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ
彴 *pljewɢ
犳 *pljewɢ
妁 *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ
汋 *bljewɢ, *sbreːwɢ
仢 *bljewɢ
葯 *qlewɢ, *qreːwɢ
礿 *lewɢ
肑 *preːwɢ, *pleːwɢ
瓝 *breːwɢ
的 *pleːwɢ
靮 *pleːwɢ
馰 *pleːwɢ
玓 *pleːwɢ
魡 *pleːwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ʔlewɢs, *ʔlewɢ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ).

Pronunciation

Note: yāo - only the sense of “to weigh on a balance or scale”.
Note:
  • iók - literary;
  • ióh - vernacular.
Note:
  • iok/iak - literary;
  • ioh - vernacular.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 約
Mandarin Beijing /yɛ⁵⁵/
Harbin /iau⁴⁴/
/yɛ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /ye²¹/
Jinan /yə²¹³/
Qingdao /yə⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /yo²⁴/
Xi'an /yo²¹/
Xining /yu⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ye¹³/
Lanzhou /yə¹³/
Ürümqi /yɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /io²¹³/
Chengdu /yo³¹/
Guiyang /io²¹/
Kunming /io³¹/
Nanjing /ioʔ⁵/
Hefei /yɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /yəʔ²/
Pingyao /yʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /yaʔ⁴³/ 大～
/iɔ³¹/ ～一～
Wu Shanghai /iaʔ⁵/
Suzhou /iɑʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /ʔiɑʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /j̠a²¹³/
Hui Shexian /iɔʔ²¹/
Tunxi /io⁵/
Xiang Changsha /io²⁴/
Xiangtan /io²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /iɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /iok̚¹/
Taoyuan /ʒok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jœk̚²/
Nanning /jœk̚³³/
Hong Kong /jœk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /iɔk̚³²/
/ioʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /yɔʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /iɔ²⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /iak̚²/
/ioʔ²/
Haikou (Min Nan) /iɔk̚⁵/
Rime
Character 約 約
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 影 (34) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 宵 (91) 藥 (107)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 於笑切 於略切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʔiᴇuH/ /ʔɨɐk̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʔiɛuH/ /ʔiɐk̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʔjæuH/ /ʔiɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʔiawH/ /ʔɨak̚/
Li
Rong		 /ʔiɛuH/ /ʔiak̚/
Wang
Li		 /ĭɛuH/ /ĭak̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʔi̯ɛuH/ /ʔi̯ak̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yào yue
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 約 約
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 yào yuē
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ʔjiewH › ‹ ʔjak ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[q]ewk-s/ /*[q](r)ewk/
English bond, agreement (n.) bind (v.), make an agreement

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 約 約
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 11181 11201
Phonetic
component		 勺 勺
Rime
group		 豹 藥
Rime
subdivision		 2 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 要 約
Old
Chinese		 /*ʔlewɢs/ /*ʔlewɢ/

Definitions

約

  1. † to bundle up; to bind
  2. † rope; cord
  3. † to restrain; to limit; to keep under control
  4. to make an appointment; to arrange
  5. appointment; meeting; arrangement
  6. treaty; agreement; covenant; pact
  7. to invite or ask in advance
  8. † to hinder; to block
  9. † to save; to economise
  10. † frugal; economical; thrifty
  11. † brief; concise; succinct
  12. † poor; humble; low-ranking
  13. (mathematics) to reduce (a fraction)
  14. † to prepare; to equip
  15. † to seek; to pursue
  16. † to estimate; to approximate; to reckon
  17. (colloquial) to weigh; to weigh on a balance or scale
  18. about; approximately
    • 約220大卡 / 约220大卡  ―  yuē 220 dàkǎ  ―  Approximately 220 kilocalories.

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

約

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. Approximately

Readings

Compounds

Kanji in this term
約
やく
Grade: 4
on’yomi

Pronunciation

Adverb

約 (hiragana やく, rōmaji yaku)

  1. about, approximately
    約 (やく)一 (いっ)ヶ月 (げつ)
    yaku ikkagetsu
    approximately one month
    宇 (う)宙 (ちゅう)の直 (ちょっ)径 (けい)は約 (やく)930 (きゅうひゃくさんじゅう)億光年 (おくこうねん)だ。
    Uchū no chokkei wa yaku kyūhyakusanjū-oku kōnen da.
    The diameter of the universe is some ninety-three billion light years.

References

  1. ↑ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

約 • (yak, yo) (hangeul 약, 요, revised yak, yo, McCune–Reischauer yak, yo, Yale yak, yo)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

約 (ước, yêu)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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