文化

Chinese

 
language; culture; writing; formal; literary; gentle
 
to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
simp. and trad.
(文化)		 文 化

Etymology

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 文 (ぶん)化 (か) (bunka, “culture”), which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 文化 (“the way of educating by using morality, literature and music”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 文 化
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 文 (59) 麻 (99)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division (等) III II
Fanqie 無分切 呼霸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /mɨun/ /hˠuaH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /miun/ /hʷᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /miuən/ /xuaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /mun/ /hwaɨH/
Li
Rong		 /miuən/ /xuaH/
Wang
Li		 /mĭuən/ /xwaH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /mi̯uən/ /xwaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 wén huà
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 文 化
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 wén huà
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ mjun › ‹ xwæH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*mə[n]/ /*qʷʰˤ<r>aj-s/
English ornate transform

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 文 化
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 13015 5327
Phonetic
component		 文 化
Rime
group		 文 歌
Rime
subdivision		 1 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 文 化
Old
Chinese		 /*mɯn/ /*hŋʷraːls/

Noun

文化

  1. (countable, uncountable) culture (Classifier: 個／个; 種／种)
    文化體系 / 文化体系  ―  wénhuà tǐxì  ―  cultural system
    文化環境 / 文化环境  ―  wénhuà huánjìng  ―  cultural context
    中華文化 / 中华文化  ―  zhōnghuá wénhuà  ―  Chinese culture
    公司文化  ―  gōngsī wénhuà  ―  company culture
    本土文化  ―  běntǔ wénhuà  ―  indigenous culture
    燦爛文化 / 灿烂文化  ―  cànlàn wénhuà  ―  magnificent culture
    文化負載詞 / 文化负载词  ―  wénhuà fùzǎicí  ―  culturally loaded term
    開展對外文化交流 [MSC, trad.]
    开展对外文化交流 [MSC, simp.]
    kāizhǎn duìwài wénhuà jiāoliú [Pinyin]
    to conduct cultural exchange with other countries
    不同的國家有不同的文化。 [MSC, trad.]
    不同的国家有不同的文化。 [MSC, simp.]
    Bùtóng de guójiā yǒu bùtóng de wénhuà. [Pinyin]
    Different countries have different cultures.
  2. (uncountable) education; literacy
  3. (literary, archaic, uncountable) education through teaching morality, literature and music

Usage notes

Like the term "culture" in English, 文化 can refer to both culture in the sense of a society's arts or customs, as well the attitudes and behaviours of a particular group of people, as in a "company culture". 文化 however cannot refer to "culture" in the biological sense; instead the term 培養／培养 (péiyǎng) is used.

Derived terms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (文化):

Japanese

Kanji in this term
文 化
ぶん
Grade: 1		 か
Grade: 3
on’yomi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文化 (mjun xwæH, “the way of educating by using morality, literature and music”)

Pronunciation

Noun

文化 (hiragana ぶんか, rōmaji bunka, historical hiragana ぶんくわ)

  1. culture
    • 1928, 岸田國士, 「語られる言葉」の美:
      これは、国語 (こくご)の性格 (せいかく)に、文 (ぶん)化 (か)の伝 (でん)統 (とう)、国民性 (こくみんせい)の特質 (とくしつ)が作 (さ)用 (よう)するからである。
      Kore wa, kokugo no seikaku ni, bunka no dentō, kokuminsei no tokushitsu ga sayō suru kara de aru.
      The tradition of culture and the traits of the nation function to make the character of the national language.

Derived terms

  • 文化圏 (bunkaken): cultural sphere
  • 文化祭 (bunkasai): culture festival
  • 文化財 (bunkazai): cultural asset
  • 文化史 (bunkashi): cultural history
  • 文化省 (bunkashō): Ministry of Culture
  • 文化人 (bunkajin): person of culture
  • 文化庁 (bunkachō): Agency for Cultural Affairs
  • 文化の日 (bunka no hi): Culture Day Holiday
  • 文化的な (bunkateki na): cultural
  • 文化遺産 (bunka isan): cultural heritage
  • 文化映画 (bunka eiga): cultural film
  • 文化勲章 (bunka kunshō): Order of Culture
  • 文化交流 (bunka kōryū): cultural exchange
  • 文化国家 (bunka kokka): country with a high level of culture
  • 文化施設 (bunka shisetsu): cultural facility
  • 文化観光省 (bunka-kankōshō): Minister for Culture and Tourism
  • 文化功労者 (bunka kōrōsha): person who has made outstanding cultural contributions
  • 文化事業部 (bunka jigyōbu): Cultural Affairs Department
  • 文化心理学 (bunka shinrigaku): cultural psychology
  • 文化人類学 (bunka jinruigaku): cultural anthropology
  • 文化大革命 (bunka-daikakumei): Cultural Revolution
  • 文化地理学 (bunka chirigaku): cultural geography
  • 文化財保護法 (bunkazai-hogohō): Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties
  • 文化圏固有動作 (bunkaken koyū dōsa): (computing) locale-specific behavior
  • 異文化 (ibunka): foreign culture
  • 食文化 (shokubunka): food culture
  • 明文化 (meibunka): stipulate
  • 多文化主義 (tabunka-shugi): multiculturalism
  • 映像文化 (eizō bunka): visual culture
  • 漢字文化 (kanji bunka): kanji culture
  • 大衆文化 (taishū bunka): mass culture, pop culture
  • 伝統文化 (dentō bunka): traditional culture
  • 比較文化 (hikaku bunka): comparative culture
  • イスラム文化 (isuramu bunka): Islamic culture
  • 漢字文化圏 (kanji bunkaken): countries which use Chinese characters
  • 重要文化財 (jūyō bunkasai): important cultural property
  • 無形文化財 (mukei bunkazai): intangible cultural asset
  • 有形文化財 (yūkei bunkazai): tangible cultural properties
  • 多元文化論 (tagen-bunkaron): multiculturalism
  • 芸術文化の破壊 (geijutsu bunka no hakai): vandalism
  • 消費者文化 (shōhisha bunka): consumer culture
  • 重要無形文化財 (jūyō mukei bunka): important intangible cultural asset

Descendants

Korean

Hanja in this term
文化

Noun

文化 • (munhwa) (hangeul 문화)

  1. Hanja form? of 문화 (“culture”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this word
文化

Noun

文化

  1. Hán tự form of văn hoá, “culture”
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.