中華

See also: 中华

Chinese

	middle; center	flowery; flourishing; magnificent
trad. (中華)	中	華
simp. (中华)	中	华
anagram	華中／华中

Etymology

So named because the first ancient Chinese settlements were around the Yellow River, which was considered to be the center, and because the culture was considered to be magnificent and flourishing.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): Zhōnghuá

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˊ

(Chengdu, SP): Zong¹ hua²
Cantonese (Jyutping): zung¹ waa⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): zung¹ fa⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Chûng-fà
Jin (Wiktionary): zung¹ hua¹
Min Bei (KCR): Dô̤ng-uǎ
Min Dong (BUC): Dṳ̆ng-huà
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): Tiong-hôa / Tiong-hoa

(Teochew, Peng'im): dong¹ hua⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): tson hho (T1)
Xiang (Wiktionary): zhong¹ fa²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: Zhōnghuá
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jonghwa
  - IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯a̠³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: Zong¹ hua²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: Zungxua
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zung¹ waa⁴
  - Yale: jūng wàh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzung¹ waa⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: zung¹ wa⁴
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ wɑː²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: zung¹ fa⁴
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡suŋ⁴² fa³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chûng-fà
  - Hakka Romanization System: zung´ faˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zung¹ fa²
  - IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zung¹ hua¹
  - IPA (old-style): /t͡sũŋ¹¹ xua¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: Dô̤ng-uǎ
  - IPA ^(key): /tɔŋ³³ ua²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Dṳ̆ng-huà
  - IPA ^(key): /tyŋ⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋua⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hôa
  - Tâi-lô: Tiong-huâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dionghoaa
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/
- (Hokkien: mainstream Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hoa
  - Tâi-lô: Tiong-hua
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dionghoaf
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dong¹ hua⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tong huâ
  - IPA ^(key): /toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: tson hho (T1)
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: zhong¹ fa²
  - IPA ^(key) (old-style): /t͡ʂʊŋ³³ ɸa̠¹³/
  - IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡sən³³ ɸa̠¹³/

Middle Chinese: /ʈɨuŋ ɦˠua/▼

Rime
Character	中	華
Reading #	1/2	1/3
Initial (聲)	知 (9)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	東 (2)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	陟弓切	戸花切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨuŋ/	/ɦˠua/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈiuŋ/	/ɦʷᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiuŋ/	/ɣua/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuwŋ/	/ɦwaɨ/
Li Rong	/ȶiuŋ/	/ɣua/
Wang Li	/ȶĭuŋ/	/ɣwa/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯uŋ/	/ɣwa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhōng	huá

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*truŋ N-qʷʰˤra/

(Zhengzhang): /*tuŋ ɡʷraː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	中	華
Reading #	1/2	2/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhōng	huá
Middle Chinese	‹ trjuwng ›	‹ hwæ ›
Old Chinese	/*truŋ/	/*N-qʷʰˤra/
English	center	flower (v.); flowery (adj.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	中	華
Reading #	1/2	2/3
No.	17407	5312
Phonetic component	中	華
Rime group	終	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	中	華
Old Chinese	/*tuŋ/	/*ɡʷraː/
Notes		說文於聲

Proper noun

中華

(formal, poetic, exalted) China (the nation of the Chinese people)
振興中華 / 振兴中华 ― zhènxīng Zhōnghuá ― to revitalize China

Usage notes

Although also used in the formal names of both the Republic and People's Republic of China, the term carries a somewhat broader sense than 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó, “state of China”) and connotes something like the "nation of the Chinese people" or "land of the Chinese culture".

Related terms

中國／中国 (Zhōngguó)

Derived terms

中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)
中華山／中华山 (Zhōnghuáshān)
中華民國／中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó)
中華民族／中华民族 (Zhōnghuá mínzú)

中華肝吸蟲／中华肝吸虫
大中華／大中华 (Dàzhōnghuá)
新華／新华 (Xīnhuá)

Adjective

中華

Chinese (of or belonging to Chinese culture)
中華文化 / 中华文化 ― zhōnghuá wénhuà ― Chinese culture

中華文明 / 中华文明 ― zhōnghuá wénmíng ― Chinese civilization

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (中華):

Japanese: 中 (ちゅう)華 (か) (chūka)
Korean: 중화 (中華, junghwa)
Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)

Others:

→ Indonesian: Tionghoa

Japanese

Kanji in this term
中	華
ちゅう Grade: 1	か Grade: S
on’yomi

Proper noun

中華 (hiragana ちゅうか, rōmaji Chūka)

China
abbreviation of 中華料理 (chūka ryōri, “Chinese cuisine”)
abbreviation of 中華饅頭 (chūka manjū, “Chinese steam bun, humbow”)

Compounds

中 (ちゅう)華 (か)料 (りょう)理 (り) (chūka ryōri): Chinese cuisine
中 (ちゅう)華 (か)饅 (まん)頭 (じゅう) (chūka manjū): Chinese steamed bun; humbow
中華革命党 (ちゅうかかくめいとう) (Chūka Kakumeitō): Chinese Revolutionary Party
中華人民共和国 (ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく) (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku): People's Republic of China
中華鍋 (ちゅうかなべ) (chūka nabe): wok
中華街 (ちゅうかがい) (chūkagai): Chinatown

Korean

Hanja in this term
中	華

Proper noun

中華 • (junghwa) (hangeul 중화)

Hanja form^? of 중화 (“China”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this word
中	華

Proper noun

中華

Hán tự form of Trung Hoa, “China”

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