安敦

Chinese

		content; calm; still content; calm; still; quiet; to pacify; peace; how	kind-hearted; place name
simp. and trad. (安敦)		安	敦

Etymology

Unclear.

Generally believed to be a corrupted form of the name of one of the Antonines. According to the Hou Hanshu, in 166 CE an embassy from Rome supposedly arrived in China via Vietnam:

至桓帝延熹九年，大秦王安敦遣使自日南徼外献象牙、犀角、玳瑁 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

From: The Book of the Later Han, circa 5^th century CE

Zhì Huándì Yánxī jiǔ nián, Dàqín wáng Āndūn qiǎnshǐ zì Rìnán jiào wài xiàn xiàngyá, xī jiǎo, dàimào [Pinyin]

In the ninth year of the Yanxi era of Emperor Huan of Han (166 CE), the king of Daqin (Rome) Andun sent an embassy from the frontiers of Rinan offering elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns, turtle shells […]

The exact identity of this figure is disputed and the details about the embassy reported in the Hou Hanshu are quite controversial. The hypothesis that the name Andun was referred to Antoninus Pius is often rejected by most historians, mainly because he died several years before 166 CE (Clements, 2014). Therefore, is generally believed to be one of his successors, most likely Marcus Aurelius (Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Āndūn

(Zhuyin): ㄢㄉㄨㄣ
Cantonese (Jyutping): on¹ deon¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: Āndūn
  - Zhuyin: ㄢㄉㄨㄣ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: anduen
  - IPA ^(key): /ˀa̠n⁵⁵ tu̯ən⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: on¹ deon¹
  - Yale: ōn dēun
  - Cantonese Pinyin: on¹ doen¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: on¹ dên¹
  - IPA ^(key): /ɔːn⁵⁵ tɵn⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /ʔɑn tuən/▼

Rime
Character	安	敦
Reading #	1/1	2/4
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	烏寒切	都昆切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɑn/	/tuən/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɑn/	/tuon/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɑn/	/tuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔan/	/twən/
Li Rong	/ʔɑn/	/tuən/
Wang Li	/ɑn/	/tuən/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔɑn/	/tuən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ān	dūn

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter-Sagart): /*[ʔ]ˤa[n] tˤur/

(Zhengzhang): /*qaːn tuːn/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	安	敦
Reading #	1/3	2/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	ān	dūn
Middle Chinese	‹ 'an ›	‹ twon ›
Old Chinese	/*[ʔ]ˤa[n]/	/*tˤur/
English	peace(ful)	solid, thick
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	安	敦
Reading #	1/1	3/4
No.	11	2597
Phonetic component	安	敦
Rime group	元	文
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	安	敦
Old Chinese	/*qaːn/	/*tuːn/

Proper noun

安敦

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, Roman emperor (121–180 CE)

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