人民

Chinese

man; person; people the people; nationality; citizen
simp. and trad.
(人民)		 人 民

Etymology

Attestable in pre-Qin texts. Modern sense Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 人 (じん)民 (みん) (jinmin, “the people”), which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 人民 (“common people”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 人 民
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 日 (38) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 眞 (43) 眞 (43)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 如鄰切 彌鄰切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ȵiɪn/ /miɪn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ȵin/ /min/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ȵʑjen/ /mjen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ȵin/ /min/
Li
Rong		 /ȵiĕn/ /miĕn/
Wang
Li		 /ȵʑĭĕn/ /mĭĕn/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ /mi̯ĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 rén mín
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 人 民
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 rén mín
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ nyin › ‹ mjin ›
Old
Chinese		 /*ni[ŋ]/ /*mi[ŋ]/
English (other) person people

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 人 民
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 10800 9130
Phonetic
component		 人 民
Rime
group		 眞 眞
Rime
subdivision		 1 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 仁 民
Old
Chinese		 /*njin/ /*min/

Noun

人民

  1. people (collectively)
    熱愛人民 / 热爱人民  ―  rè'ài rénmín  ―  to love the people
    科技應為人民利益服務。 [MSC, trad.]
    科技应为人民利益服务。 [MSC, simp.]
    Kējì yīng wèi rénmín lìyì fúwù. [Pinyin]
    Science and technology should work for the good of the people.
    孟子曰：「諸侯之寶三：土地、人民、政事。寶珠玉者，殃必及身。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
    孟子曰：“诸侯之宝三：土地、人民、政事。宝珠玉者，殃必及身。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
    Mèngzǐ yuē: “Zhūhóu zhī bǎo sān: tǔdì, rénmín, zhèngshì. Bǎo zhūyù zhě, yāng bì jíshēn.” [Pinyin]
    Mencius said, "These three are precious to a prince: the territory, the people, and governmental affairs. Calamity is sure to befall the one who values pearls and jades."

Usage notes

人民 can only refer to people collectively, as a unit. To refer to people as individually countable persons, use 人 (rén). To refer to people in an otherwise general sense, use 人們／人们 (rénmen).

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (人民):

See also

Japanese

Kanji in this term
人 民
じん
Grade: 1		 みん
Grade: 4
on’yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 人民 (*njin *min). Compare modern Mandarin 人民 (rénmín), Wu 人民 (zen min (T3)), Min Nan 人民 (jîn-bîn).

Formerly pronounced with a consistent goon reading of ninmin, later changing to a mixed kan'on / goon reading of jinmin.[1][2]

Pronunciation

Noun

人民 (hiragana じんみん, rōmaji jinmin)

  1. the people, the general public, the citizens

Synonyms

Derived terms

References

  1. ↑ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 1 2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
人民

Hanja

人民 • (inmin) (hangeul 인민)

  1. Hanja form? of 인민 (“the people (of a country), citizens”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this word
人民

Noun

人民

  1. Hán tự form of nhân dân, “people”
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