凝

凝	U+51DD, 凝 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51DD

← 凜
[U+51DC]

CJK Unified Ideographs

凞 →
[U+51DE]

Translingual

Han character

凝 (radical 15 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 3718₁, composition ⿰冫疑)

Derived characters

𭗰, 𠘤

References

KangXi: page 133, character 45
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 301, character 18
Unihan data for U+51DD

Chinese

simp. and trad.		凝
alt. forms		冰𣲝𡷪𠘥

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
礙	*ŋɯːs
儗	ŋɯːs, hŋɯːs, ŋɯʔ, ŋɯs
懝	ŋɯːs, ŋɯɡ
譺	ŋrɯːs, ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡	*ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑	*ŋɯ
嶷	ŋɯ, ŋɯɡ
觺	*ŋɯ
擬	*ŋɯʔ
薿	ŋɯʔ, ŋɯɡ
凝	ŋrɯŋ, ŋrɯŋs

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): níng (ning²)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jing⁴, king⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nèn / khièn / khiàn
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): gêng / gîn

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngang⁵ / ngêng⁵ / geng⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: níng
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄥˊ
  - Wade–Giles: ning²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ning
  - IPA ^(key): /niŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: jing⁴, king⁴
  - Yale: yìhng, kìhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jing⁴, king⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ying⁴, king⁴
  - IPA ^(key): /jɪŋ²¹/, /kʰɪŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khièn
  - Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kienˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: nen² / kian²
  - IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khiàn
  - Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kianˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: nen² / kian²
  - IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯an¹¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gêng / gîn
  - Tâi-lô: gîng / gîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: geeng, giin
  - IPA (Xiamen): /giɪŋ²⁴/, /gin²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /giɪŋ²⁴/, /gin²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /giɪŋ¹³/, /gin¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /giɪŋ²⁴/, /gin²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /giɪŋ²³/, /gin²³/

Note:

gêng - literary;
gîn - vernacular.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngang⁵ / ngêng⁵ / geng⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngâng / ngêng / kṳ̂ng
  - IPA ^(key): /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

ngêng5 - literary;
geng5 - vernacular.

Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 凝
Mandarin	Beijing	/niŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/niŋ²⁴/ ～固 /niŋ⁵³/ 肉湯～了
	Tianjin	/niŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ȵiŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/niŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/ȵiə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/niŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ȵĩn⁵³/ /lĩn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ȵiŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/nin²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ȵin³¹/
	Guiyang	/nin²¹/
	Kunming	/nĩ³¹/
	Nanjing	/lin²⁴/
	Hefei	/lin⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/niəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ȵiŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/nĩŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵiŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/ȵin¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ȵin²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ȵaŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/niʌ̃⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵin¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ȵin¹²/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰen¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jeŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/neŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jiŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/giŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ŋiŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ŋi²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ŋeŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ŋeŋ³¹/ /xeŋ³¹/

Middle Chinese: /ŋɨŋ/, /ŋɨŋ^H/▼

Rime
Character	凝	凝
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)	蒸 (133)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	魚陵切	牛𩜁切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨŋ/	/ŋɨŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɨŋ/	/ŋɨŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋieŋ/	/ŋieŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋiŋ/	/ŋiŋ^H/
Li Rong	/ŋiəŋ/	/ŋiəŋ^H/
Wang Li	/ŋĭəŋ/	/ŋĭəŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi̯əŋ/	/ŋi̯əŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yíng	yìng

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋrɯŋ/, /*ŋrɯŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	凝
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	níng
Middle Chinese	‹ nging ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ](r)əŋ/ (< uvular?)
English	freeze, coagulate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凝	凝
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	14902	14903
Phonetic component	疑	疑
Rime group	蒸	蒸
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	凝	凝
Old Chinese	/*ŋrɯŋ/	/*ŋrɯŋs/

Definitions

凝

to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
to focus; to concentrate
(Teochew) cold; (of weather) chilly

凝死 [Teochew] ― ngang⁵ si² [Peng'im] ― very cold

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冷
Mandarin	Beijing	冷
	Taiwan	冷
	Jinan	冷
	Xi'an	冷
	Wuhan	冷、冷凊
	Chengdu	冷、凊
	Yangzhou	冷
	Hefei	冷
Cantonese	Guangzhou	凍、冷
	Hong Kong	凍、冷
	Taishan	冷
	Yangjiang	凍、冷
Gan	Nanchang	冷
Hakka	Meixian	冷
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冷、寒
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	冷、寒人
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	冷
	Dongshi (Dabu)	冷、寒
	Zhuolan (Raoping)	冷、寒
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	冷、寒
Jin	Taiyuan	冷
Min Bei	Jian'ou	凊、鎮
Min Dong	Fuzhou	凊、凍
Min Nan	Xiamen	冷、凊、寒
	Quanzhou	冷、凊、寒
	Zhangzhou	冷、凊、寒
	Taipei	冷、凊、寒
	Chaozhou	凝、寒
	Shantou	凝、寒
Wu	Suzhou	冷
Wu	Wenzhou	冷、凍
Xiang	Changsha	冷、凊
Xiang	Shuangfeng	冷、凊

Compounds

冷凝 (lěngníng)
冷凝劑／冷凝剂
冷凝器
冷凝管
凝乳 (níngrǔ)
凝佇／凝伫
凝冱
凝凍／凝冻
凝凝
凝咽 (níngyè)
凝固 (nínggù)
凝固劑／凝固剂
凝固點／凝固点
凝妝／凝妆
凝寒
凝思 (níngsī)
凝想
凝態／凝态
凝慮／凝虑
凝望 (níngwàng)
凝水石

凝滯／凝滞 (níngzhì)
凝灰岩 (nínghuīyán)
凝然
凝目
凝眄
凝眸
凝睇 (níngdì)
凝神 (níngshén)
凝結／凝结 (níngjié)
凝結作用／凝结作用
凝結反應／凝结反应
凝網／凝网
凝練／凝练 (níngliàn)
凝聚 (níngjù)
凝聚力 (níngjùlì)
凝聽／凝听
凝脂 (níngzhī)
凝膠體／凝胶体
凝血因子
凝血現象／凝血现象

凝血障礙／凝血障碍
凝視／凝视 (níngshì)
凝視點／凝视点
凝重 (níngzhòng)
凝鍊／凝炼
凝集 (níngjí)
凝雨
凝霜
凝霰
凝香
屏息凝氣／屏息凝气
屏息凝視／屏息凝视
屏氣凝神／屏气凝神
抗凝血劑／抗凝血剂
混凝
混凝劑／混凝剂
混凝土 (hùnníngtǔ)
端凝
血液凝固
酸凝酪 (suānnínglào)

Japanese

Kanji

凝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

congeal

Readings

On (unclassified): ぎょう (gyō, Jōyō)
Kun: こる (koru, 凝る, Jōyō); こらす (korasu, 凝らす, Jōyō)

Compounds

凝灰岩 (ぎょうかいがん) (gyōkaigan)
凝結 (ぎょうけつ) (gyōketsu)
凝 (ぎょう)固 (こ) (gyōko)
凝 (ぎょう)視 (し) (gyōshi)
凝 (ぎょう)集 (しゅう) (gyōshū)
凝 (ぎょう)然 (ぜん) (gyōzen)

Korean

Hanja

凝 • (eung) (hangeul 응, revised eung, McCune–Reischauer ŭng, Yale ung)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

凝 (ngưng, ngừng)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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