bark

See also: Bark

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Middle English barken, berken, borken, from Old English beorcan (“to bark, bark at”), from the Proto-Germanic *berkaną (“to bark, rumble”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰereg- (“to make a noise, growl, bark”), from *bʰer- (“to drone, hum, buzz”). Cognate with Icelandic berkja (“to bark, bluster”), Icelandic barki (“throat, windpipe”), dialectal Lithuanian burgė́ti (“to growl, grumble, grouch, quarrel”), Serbo-Croatian brgljati (“to murmur”). For the noun, compare Old English beorc, bearce (“barking”).

Verb

bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)

  1. (intransitive) To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs (said of animals, especially dogs).
    The neighbour's dog is always barking.
    The seal barked as the zookeeper threw fish into its enclosure.
  2. (intransitive) To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries.
    • 1530, Tyndale, A Pathway into the Holy Scripture.
      And therefore they bark, and say the scripture maketh heretics.
    • (Can we date this quote?), Fuller
      Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.
  3. (transitive) To speak sharply.
    The sergeant barked an order.
    • 2011 January 5, Mark Ashenden, “Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, in BBC‎:
      While McCarthy prowled the touchline barking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw on Nicolas Anelka for Kalou.
Usage notes

Historically, bork existed as a past tense form and borken as a past participle, but both forms are now obsolete.

Synonyms
Derived terms
Translations
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.

Noun

bark (plural barks)

  1. The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog.
  2. A similar sound made by some other animals.
  3. (figuratively) An abrupt loud vocal utterance.
    • circa 1921, The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, vol 11:
      Fox’s clumsy figure, negligently dressed in blue and buff, seemed unprepossessing; only his shaggy eyebrows added to the expression of his face; his voice would rise to a bark in excitement.
Translations

Etymology 2

From Middle English bark, from Old English barc (“bark”), from Old Norse bǫrkr (“tree bark”), from Proto-Germanic *barkuz, probably related to *birkijǭ (“birch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergo- (compare Latin frāxinus (“ash”), Lithuanian béržas (“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰereg- (“to gleam; white”) (compare English bright); akin to Danish bark, Icelandic börkr, Low German borke and Albanian berk (“bast”).

Noun

bark (countable and uncountable, plural barks)

  1. (countable, uncountable) The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree.
    • 1879, Friedrich August Flückiger & al., Pharmacographia..., p. 346:
      The hardships of bark-collecting in the primeval forests of South America are of the severest kind, and undergone only by the half-civilized Indians and people of mixed race, in the pay of speculators or companies located in the towns. Those who are engaged in the business, especially the collectors themselves, are called Cascarilleros or Cascadores, from the Spanish word Cascara, bark.
    • 2012, John Branch, “Snow Fall : The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek”, in New York Time‎:
      Moving about 70 miles per hour, it crashed through the sturdy old-growth trees, snapping their limbs and shredding bark from their trunks.
  2. (medicine) Peruvian bark or Jesuit's bark, the bark of the cinchona from which quinine is produced.
  3. Hard candy made in flat sheets, for instance out of chocolate, peanut butter, toffee or peppermint.
  4. The crust formed on barbecued meat that has had a rub applied to it.
    • 2009, Julie Reinhardt, She-Smoke: A Backyard Barbecue Book, page 151:
      This softens the meat further, but at some loss of crunch to the bark.
Usage notes

Usually uncountable; bark may be countable when referring to the barks of different types of tree.

Synonyms
  • (exterior covering of a tree): rind
Translations

Verb

bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)

  1. To strip the bark from; to peel.
    • 1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate
      Along the river freshly felled and barked trees told of the activity of beaver, and in slow current and in eddies the tops of their winter's food supply lay like submerged brush fences projecting above the surface.
  2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from.
    to bark one’s heel
  3. To girdle.
  4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark.
    bark the roof of a hut
Translations

Etymology 3

From Middle English barke (“boat”), from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship, type of fish”),

bbAAy
r Z1		 P1

Alternative forms

Noun

bark (plural barks)

  1. (obsolete) A small sailing vessel, e.g. a pinnace or a fishing smack; a rowing boat or barge.
  2. (poetic) a sailing vessel or boat of any kind.
    • circa 1609, William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116:
      It is the star to every wandering bark
    • circa 1880, among the Poems of Emily Dickinson:
      Whether my bark went down at sea, Whether she met with gales, […]
  3. (nautical) A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.
Translations

Anagrams

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *báruka, from *bʰor-ukos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- ‘to carry’. Compare Old Irish bru (“belly”), bruach (“big-bellied”), Russian брю́хо (brjúxo, “lower abdomen, belly, paunch”). More at bie and barrë.

Noun

bark m (indefinite plural barqe, definite singular barku, definite plural barqet)

  1. (anatomy) belly

Declension

Derived terms

Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse bǫrkr.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊]

Noun

bark c (singular definite barken, not used in plural form)

  1. bark (covering of the trunk of a tree)

Etymology 2

From Old Norse barki

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊]

Noun

bark c (singular definite barken, plural indefinite barker)

  1. bark (large sailing boat)
Inflection

References

Dutch

Pronunciation

  • audio(file)

Noun

bark m (plural barken, diminutive barkje n)

  1. the bark of certain trees, used for its tannin

Noun

bark f (plural barken, diminutive barkje n)

  1. barge, a large type of rowing or sailing boat

Anagrams

Faroese

Etymology

From Danish bark, from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship, type of fish”),

bbAAy
r Z1		 P1

Noun

bark f (genitive singular barkar, plural barkir)

  1. (nautical) bark: A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.

Declension

Declension of bark
f2 singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative bark barkin barkir barkirnar
accusative bark barkina barkir barkirnar
dative bark barkini barkum barkunum
genitive barkar barkarinnar barka barkanna

Synonyms

  • barkskip

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

From Old Norse bǫrkr

Noun

bark m (definite singular barken, uncountable)

  1. bark (outer layer of trunks and branches of trees and bushes)

See also

Etymology 2

From Late Latin barca, via French barque

Noun

bark m (definite singular barken, indefinite plural barker, definite plural barkene)

  1. (nautical) a barque or bark (type of sailing ship)

References

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Late Latin barca, via French barque

Noun

bark m (definite singular barken, indefinite plural barkar, definite plural barkane)

  1. (nautical) a barque or bark (type of sailing ship)

References

Polish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bark/
  • Audio(file)

Noun

bark m inan

  1. shoulder
  2. barque
  3. unit in the Bark scale

Declension

Further reading

  • bark in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

Noun

bark c (uncountable)

  1. bark (covering of the trunk of a tree)
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.