敦煌

Chinese

		kind-hearted; place name	brilliant
simp. and trad. (敦煌)		敦	煌
alt. forms		燉煌

Etymology

From Sogdian [script needed] (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/), known as Θροανα (Throana) in Greek and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Dūnhuáng

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄣㄏㄨㄤˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): deon¹ wong⁴
Min Nan (POJ): Tun-hông
Wu (Wiktionary): ten uaan (T1)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: Dūnhuáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄣㄏㄨㄤˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Duenhwang
  - IPA ^(key): /tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: deon¹ wong⁴
  - Yale: dēun wòhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: doen¹ wong⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: dên¹ wong⁴
  - IPA ^(key): /tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tun-hông
  - Tâi-lô: Tun-hông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dunhoong
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ten uaan (T1)
  - IPA ^(key): /təɲ⁵⁵ ɯɑ̃²¹/

Middle Chinese: /tuən ɦwɑŋ/▼

Rime
Character	敦	煌
Reading #	2/4	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)	唐 (102)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	都昆切	胡光切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuən/	/ɦwɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/tuon/	/ɦʷɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/tuən/	/ɣuɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twən/	/ɦwaŋ/
Li Rong	/tuən/	/ɣuɑŋ/
Wang Li	/tuən/	/ɣuɑŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuən/	/ɣwɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dūn	huáng

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤur [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	敦	煌
Reading #	3/3	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dūn	huáng
Middle Chinese	‹ twon ›	‹ hwang ›
Old Chinese	/*tˤur/	/*[ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/
English	敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng	敦煌 Dūnhuáng
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	敦	煌
Reading #	2/4	1/1
No.	2594	12700
Phonetic component	敦	王
Rime group	元	陽
Rime subdivision	3	0
Corresponding MC rime	團	黃
Old Chinese	/*doːn/	/*ɡʷaːŋ/

Proper noun

敦煌

(～市) Dunhuang (a county-level city in Jiuquan, Gansu, China)
(～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)

Synonyms

沙州 (Shāzhōu)

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