禪

See also: 禅

禪	U+79AA, 禪 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-79AA

← 禩
[U+79A9]

CJK Unified Ideographs

禫 →
[U+79AB]

Translingual

Traditional	禪
Simplified	禅
Japanese	禅
Korean	禪

Han character

禪 (radical 113 示+12, 17 strokes, cangjie input 戈火口口十 (IFRRJ), four-corner 3625₆, composition ⿰礻單)

Descendants

禅

References

KangXi: page 846, character 36

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24835

Dae Jaweon: page 1267, character 26

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2408, character 10

Unihan data for U+79AA

Chinese

trad.		禪
simp.		禅

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 禪
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (單) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
嚲	*taːlʔ
癉	taːlʔ, taːls, taːn, daːn
奲	taːlʔ, tʰjaːlʔ
驒	daːl, daːn, *teːn
鼉	*daːl
磾	*teːl
鷤	deːl, deːls, *daːn
觶	tjal, tjals
單	taːn, djan, djanʔ, djans
鄲	*taːn
殫	*taːn
簞	*taːn
匰	*taːn
襌	*taːn
啴	*tʰaːn
彈	daːn, daːns
貚	daːn, deːn
撣	daːn, daːnʔ, daːns, djan, *taːnʔ
潬	*daːnʔ
僤	daːnʔ, daːns, *djan
憚	*daːns
樿	*tjanʔ
燀	tjanʔ, tʰjan, *tʰjanʔ
戰	*tjans
闡	*tʰjanʔ
繟	*tʰjanʔ
幝	*tʰjanʔ
嘽	*tʰjanʔ
灛	*tʰjanʔ
蟬	*djan
禪	djan, djans
嬋	*djan
墠	*djanʔ
鱓	*djanʔ
蕇	*teːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *djan, *djans) : semantic 示 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).

Etymology 1

Short for 禪那, which is a phonetic borrowing from Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna, “dhyana”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chán (chan²)

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sim⁴, sin⁴
Min Nan (POJ): siân / sîⁿ
Wu (Wiktionary): zoe (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: chán
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄢˊ
  - Wade–Giles: ch'an²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charn
  - IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰa̠n³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: sim⁴, sin⁴
  - Yale: sìhm, sìhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sim⁴, sin⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: xim⁴, xin⁴
  - IPA ^(key): /siːm²¹/, /siːn²¹/

Note: sim4 - from dissimilation of initial and coda. Compare 蟬.

Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siân
  - Tâi-lô: siân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sieen
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕiɛn²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ɕiɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕiɛn¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sîⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: sînn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: svii
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕĩ²⁴/

Note:

siân - literary;
sîⁿ - vernacular.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: zoe (T3)
  - IPA ^(key): /z̻ø²³/

Middle Chinese: /d͡ʑiᴇn/▼

Rime
Character	禪
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	市連切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑian/
Li Rong	/ʑiɛn/
Wang Li	/ʑĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chán

Old Chinese▼
(Zhengzhang): /*djan/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	禪
Reading #	1/2
No.	2031
Phonetic component	單
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	鋋
Old Chinese	/*djan/

Definitions

禪

(Buddhism) dhyana; deep meditation; contemplation
Buddhist doctrine; Buddhist teachings
relating to Buddhism; Buddhist; thoughtful; philosophical

Compounds

Derived terms from 禪

一味禪／一味禅
參禪／参禅 (cānchán)
口頭禪／口头禅 (kǒutóuchán)
四禪八定／四禅八定
坐禪／坐禅 (zuòchán)
安禪／安禅
悟禪／悟禅
打禪／打禅
打禪七／打禅七
枯禪／枯禅
牛頭禪／牛头禅
班禪／班禅 (bānchán)
班禪喇嘛／班禅喇嘛 (bānchán lǎma)
看話禪／看话禅
禪七／禅七

禪味／禅味
禪和子／禅和子
禪堂／禅堂
禪學／禅学 (chánxué)
禪宗／禅宗 (chánzōng)
禪宗七祖／禅宗七祖
禪定／禅定 (chándìng)
禪客／禅客
禪室／禅室
禪寂／禅寂
禪寺／禅寺
禪師／禅师 (chánshī)
禪床／禅床
禪心／禅心
禪悅／禅悦

禪房／禅房
禪數／禅数
禪杖／禅杖 (chánzhàng)
禪林／禅林 (chánlín)
禪椅／禅椅
禪機／禅机
禪號／禅号
禪詩／禅诗
禪那／禅那 (chánnuó)
禪門五宗／禅门五宗
禪關／禅关
野狐禪／野狐禅 (yěhúchán)
面壁坐禪／面壁坐禅
默照禪／默照禅

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shàn (shan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sin⁶
Min Nan (POJ): siān
Wu (Wiktionary): zoe (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: shàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄢˋ
  - Wade–Giles: shan⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shann
  - IPA ^(key): /ʂa̠n⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: sin⁶
  - Yale: sihn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sin⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: xin⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /siːn²²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siān
  - Tâi-lô: siān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sien
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɕiɛn²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕiɛn⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕiɛn²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɕiɛn³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕiɛn³³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: zoe (T3)
  - IPA ^(key): /z̻ø²³/

Middle Chinese: /d͡ʑiᴇn^H/▼

Rime
Character	禪
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	時戰切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjæn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑian^H/
Li Rong	/ʑiɛn^H/
Wang Li	/ʑĭɛn^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ɛn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shàn

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ar-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*djans/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	禪
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shàn
Middle Chinese	‹ dzyen^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[d]ar-s/
English	hand over to another
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	禪
Reading #	2/2
No.	2036
Phonetic component	單
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	繕
Old Chinese	/*djans/

Definitions

禪

to worship (nature)
to abdicate
to hand over
to inherit
alt. forms: 嬗 (2~4)

Compounds

Derived terms from 禪

受禪／受禅 (shòushàn)
封禪／封禅 (fēngshàn)

禪位／禅位 (shànwèi)

禪讓／禅让 (shànràng)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tán (tan²)

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄢˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: tán
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄢˊ
  - Wade–Giles: t'an²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tarn
  - IPA ^(key): /tʰa̠n³⁵/

Definitions

禪

name of an ancient state

References

(Cantonese) Multi-function Chinese Character Database (漢語多功能字庫)

Japanese

Shinjitai	禅
Kyūjitai	禪

Kanji

禪

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 禅)

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Readings

Goon: ぜん (zen)
Kan’on: せん (sen)
Kun: しずか (shizuka, 禪)^{←しづか (siduka, historical)}; ゆずる (yuzuru, 禪る)^{←ゆづる (yuduru, historical)}

Korean

Hanja

禪 • (seon) (hangeul 선, revised seon, McCune–Reischauer sŏn, Yale sen)

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Vietnamese

Han character

禪 (thiền, thiện, xèng)

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