研

See also: 硎 and 硏

研	U+7814, 研 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7814

← 砓
[U+7813]

CJK Unified Ideographs

砕 →
[U+7815]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

研 (radical 112 石+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 一口一廿 (MRMT), four-corner 1164₀, composition ⿰石开)

Derived characters

揅䊙𨨵𬪮

References

KangXi: not present, would follow page 828, character 24

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24080

Dae Jaweon: page 1243, character 3

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2418, character 14

Unihan data for U+7814

Chinese

simp. and trad.		研
alt. forms		硏揅

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 研
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (幵) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
笄	*kŋeː
枅	*kŋeː
蚈	kŋeː, ŋ̊ʰeːn
羿	*ŋeːs
栞	*ŋ̊ʰaːn
雃	ŋaːn, ŋ̊ʰeːn
詽	ŋreːn, tŋ̊ʰeːn
揅	*ŋeːn
幵	*kŋeːn
鳽	kŋeːn, ŋeːn, ŋ̊ʰreːŋ, ŋreːɡ
豣	kŋeːn, ŋeːns
麉	kŋeːn, ŋ̊ʰeːn
趼	kŋeːnʔ, ŋeːn, *ŋeːns
汧	ŋ̊ʰeːn, ŋ̊ʰeːns
岍	*ŋ̊ʰeːn
研	ŋɡeːn, ŋeːns
妍	*ŋeːn
訮	*hŋeːn
鈃	*ɡeːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns) : semantic 石 + phonetic 幵 (OC *kŋeːn).

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yán (yan²)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jin⁴, ngaan⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngân / ngiên / ngiân
Min Dong (BUC): ngiēng / ngiĕng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): gián / géng / ngúi / gán / ngái

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngiêng² / ngiang² / ngiêng⁵ / ngiang⁵ / ngoin² / ngain²
Wu (Wiktionary): 'nyi (T1)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: yán
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
  - Wade–Giles: yen²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
  - IPA ^(key): /i̯ɛn³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: jin⁴, ngaan⁴
  - Yale: yìhn, ngàahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jin⁴, ngaan⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yin⁴, ngan⁴
  - IPA ^(key): /jiːn²¹/, /ŋɑːn²¹/

Note:

jin4 - literary;
ngaan4 - vernacular (“to grind”).

Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngân / ngiên
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngan´ / ngien´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngan¹ / ngian¹
  - IPA: /ŋan²⁴/, /ɲi̯en²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngân / ngiân
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngan´ / ngian´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngan¹ / ngian¹
  - IPA: /ŋan²⁴/, /ɲi̯an²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngiēng / ngiĕng
  - IPA ^(key): /ŋieŋ³³/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

ngiēng - vernacular;
ngiĕng - literary (used in 研究).

Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gián
  - Tâi-lô: gián
  - Phofsit Daibuun: giern
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /giɛn⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /giɛn⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /giɛn⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Sanxia, Yilan, Hsinchu, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: géng
  - Tâi-lô: gíng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: geang
  - IPA (Xiamen): /giɪŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /giɪŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngúi
  - Tâi-lô: nguí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: nguie
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋuĩ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Magong)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gán
  - Tâi-lô: gán
  - Phofsit Daibuun: garn
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /gan⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Kinmen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngái
  - Tâi-lô: ngái
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ngae
  - IPA (Taipei, Kinmen): /ŋãɪ⁵³/

Note:

gián - literary;
géng/nguí/gán/ngái - vernacular.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngiêng² / ngiang² / ngiêng⁵ / ngiang⁵ / ngoin² / ngain²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiéng / ngiáng / ngiêng / ngiâng / ngóiⁿ / ngáiⁿ
  - IPA ^(key): /ŋieŋ⁵²/, /ŋiaŋ⁵²/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋiaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋõĩ⁵²/, /ŋãĩ⁵²/

Note:

ngiêng2/ngiang2, ngiêng5/ngiang5 - literary;
ngoin2/ngain2 - vernacular.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: 'nyi (T1)
  - IPA ^(key): /ʔn̠ʲi⁵³/

Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 研
Mandarin	Beijing	/ian³⁵/
	Harbin	/ian²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ian⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/iã⁴²/
	Qingdao	/iã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ian⁴²/
	Xi'an	/iã²⁴/
	Xining	/iã²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ian⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/iɛ̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ian⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/niɛn⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/ȵian⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/nian⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/iɛ̃³¹/
	Nanjing	/ien²⁴/
	Hefei	/iĩ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ie¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ȵie̞¹³/
	Hohhot	/ie³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵi⁵³/
	Suzhou	/ȵiɪ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ȵiẽ̞³³/
	Wenzhou	/ȵi³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ne³⁵/
Hui	Tunxi	/ȵiɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵiẽ³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ȵiẽ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/ȵiɛn²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋan⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ŋien²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jin²¹/
	Nanning	/in²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jin²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/gian³⁵/ /giŋ⁵³/ 俗
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ŋieŋ³²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ŋaiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ŋiaŋ⁵³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ŋin²³/ ～究 /ŋai²¹³/ ～碎

Middle Chinese: /ŋen^H/▼

Rime
Character	研
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	吾甸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋen^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋen^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋɛn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɛn^H/
Li Rong	/ŋen^H/
Wang Li	/ŋien^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋien^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yàn

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ˤe[r]/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋɡeːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	研
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yán
Middle Chinese	‹ ngen ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]ˤe[r]/
English	grind; examine
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	研
Reading #	1/2
No.	6171
Phonetic component	幵
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	姸
Old Chinese	/*ŋɡeːn/

Definitions

研

to grind; to rub; to sharpen
to investigate; to study; to research
Short for 研究生 (yánjiūshēng, “postgraduate studies or student”).

Compounds

作業研究／作业研究
個案研究／个案研究
學術研究／学术研究
工研院
極深研幾／极深研几
焚研
研京練都／研京练都
研修 (yánxiū)
研判 (yánpàn)
研商 (yánshāng)
研墨
研幾探賾／研几探賾
研幾析理／研几析理
研擬／研拟 (yánnǐ)
研末
研析

研桑心計／研桑心计
研深覃精
研發／研发 (yánfā)
研磨 (yánmó)
研磨機／研磨机 (yánmójī)
研究 (yánjiū)
研究員／研究员 (yánjiūyuán)
研究室 (yánjiūshì)
研究所 (yánjiūsuǒ)
研究生 (yánjiūshēng)
研究院 (yánjiūyuàn)
研窮／研穷
研精苦思
研精覃奧／研精覃奥
研精覃思

研精鉤深／研精钩深
研精靜慮／研精静虑
研經鑄史／研经铸史
研習／研习 (yánxí)
研習營／研习营
研習班／研习班
研製／研制 (yánzhì)
研覈
研訂／研订
研討／研讨 (yántǎo)
研詰／研诘
研議／研议
研讀／研读 (yándú)
精研
鑽研／钻研 (zuānyán)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 研 – see 硯 (“inkstone”). (This character, 研, is a variant form of 硯.)

Japanese

Shinjitai	研
Kyūjitai	硏

Kanji

研

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 硏)

to polish
study of ...
to sharpen

Readings

Goon: げん (gen)
Kan’on: げん (gen)
Kan’yōon: けん (ken, Jōyō)
Kun: とぐ (togu, 研ぐ, Jōyō); みがく (migaku, 研く)

Compounds

Derived terms

研 (けん)究 (きゅう) (kenkyū): research, investigate
研 (けん)究 (きゅう)者 (しゃ) (kenkyūsha): researcher
研究室 (けんきゅうしつ) (kenkyūshitsu): laboratory
研 (けん)究 (きゅう)員 (いん) (kenkyūin): research fellow, lab worker
研 (けん)究 (きゅう)所 (しょ) (kenkyūsho): research institute
研 (けん)修 (しゅう) (kenshū): training, induction
研 (けん)修 (しゅう)生 (せい) (kenshūsei): trainee

Korean

Hanja

研 • (yeon) (hangeul 연, revised yeon, McCune–Reischauer yŏn, Yale yen)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

研 (nghiên, tên, nghiền, nghiện)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999

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