deren
Dutch
Etymology
From Middle Dutch dēren, from Old Dutch *derien, from Proto-Germanic *darjaną.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdeːrə(n)/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -eːrən
Verb
deren
- (transitive) to harm
Inflection
| Inflection of deren (weak) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | deren | |||
| past singular | deerde | |||
| past participle | gedeerd | |||
| infinitive | deren | |||
| gerund | deren n | |||
| verbal noun | — | |||
| present tense | past tense | |||
| 1st person singular | deer | deerde | ||
| 2nd person sing. (jij) | deert | deerde | ||
| 2nd person sing. (u) | deert | deerde | ||
| 2nd person sing. (gij) | deert | deerde | ||
| 3rd person singular | deert | deerde | ||
| plural | deren | deerden | ||
| subjunctive sing.1 | dere | deerde | ||
| subjunctive plur.1 | deren | deerden | ||
| imperative sing. | deer | |||
| imperative plur.1 | deert | |||
| participles | derend | gedeerd | ||
| 1) Archaic. | ||||
Related terms
Galician
Verb
deren
- third-person plural future subjunctive of dar
German
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdeːʁən/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -eːʀən
Pronoun
deren
- (relative) whose, of which (genitive of die, both inflected forms of der).
- (demonstrative) her, their, the latter's (genitive of die, both inflected forms of der)
Usage notes
Among unexercised users of formal standard German, one can frequently read or hear dessen when deren would be correct (or occasionally vice versa), since neither of these forms is used in normal vernacular German.
Consider:
and
- Sie haben ihre Freunde und deren Sohn eingeladen.
- They have invited their friends and their son.
The first sentence relates that the family which invites has a son, thus, they invite friends and that son. In the second sentence, the family invites their friends and a son of the invited family. Cognate this behaviour with Russian свой and Russian possessive pronouns.
Declension
Relative pronoun:
| Declension of der | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | plural | |
| nominative | der | die | das | die |
| genitive | dessen | deren younger also: derer |
dessen | derer deren |
| dative | dem | der | dem | denen |
| accusative | den | die | das | die |
Demonstrative pronoun:
| Declension of der | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | plural | |
| nominative | der | die | das | die |
| genitive | dessen | deren younger also: derer |
dessen | derer deren |
| dative | dem | der | dem | denen |
| accusative | den | die | das | die |
Middle Dutch
Etymology
From Old Dutch *derien, from Proto-Germanic *darjaną.
Verb
dēren
- to harm, to hurt
- to hurt emotionally
- to damage
Inflection
| Weak | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | dēren | |
| 3rd sg. past | — | |
| 3rd pl. past | — | |
| Past participle | — | |
| Infinitive | dēren | |
| In genitive | dērens | |
| In dative | dērene | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | dēre | — |
| 2nd singular | dēers, dēres | — |
| 3rd singular | dēert, dēret | — |
| 1st plural | dēren | — |
| 2nd plural | dēert, dēret | — |
| 3rd plural | dēren | — |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | dēre | — |
| 2nd singular | dēers, dēres | — |
| 3rd singular | dēre | — |
| 1st plural | dēren | — |
| 2nd plural | dēert, dēret | — |
| 3rd plural | dēren | — |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | dēer, dēre | |
| Plural | dēert, dēret | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | dērende | — |
Alternative forms
Descendants
Further reading
- “deren (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- “daren”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, 1929
- “deren”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, 1929
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