酵

酵	U+9175, 酵 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9175

← 酴
[U+9174]

CJK Unified Ideographs

酶 →
[U+9176]

Translingual

Han character

酵 (radical 164 酉+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一田十大木 (MWJKD), four-corner 1464₇, composition ⿰酉孝)

References

KangXi: page 1283, character 12

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39868

Dae Jaweon: page 1783, character 8

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 3582, character 8

Unihan data for U+9175

Chinese

simp. and trad.		酵

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (孝) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
酵	*kruːs
窙	*qʰruː
哮	qʰruː, qʰruːs
庨	*qʰruː
涍	qʰruː, qʰruːs
孝	*qʰruːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kruːs) : semantic 酉 + phonetic 孝 (OC *qʰruːs) – fermenting in a vessel, making alcoholic drink. 孝 is composed of “young + old”, hence connotations of “aging (in a vase), fermentation”.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiào, xiào

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄠˋ, ㄒㄧㄠˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaau³, haau³, haau¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kau
Min Nan (POJ): kàu / kàⁿ / hàu
Wu (Wiktionary): jiau (T2); kau (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
  - Pinyin: jiào
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄠˋ
  - Wade–Giles: chiao⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiaw
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)⁺
  - Pinyin: xiào
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˋ
  - Wade–Giles: hsiao⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiaw
  - IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaau³, haau³, haau¹
  - Yale: gaau, haau, hāau
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaau³, haau³, haau¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gao³, hao³, hao¹
  - IPA ^(key): /kɑːu̯³³/, /hɑːu̯³³/, /hɑːu̯⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kau
  - Hakka Romanization System: gau
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gau⁴
  - IPA: /ka̯u⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàu
  - Tâi-lô: kàu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kaux
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kaʊ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kaʊ²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kànn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvax
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kã²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kã⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kã¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hàu
  - Tâi-lô: hàu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haux
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /haʊ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /haʊ⁴¹/

Note:

kàu - literary;
kàⁿ - vernacular;
hàu - vernacular (俗).

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: jiau (T2); kau (T2)
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɔ³⁴/, /kɔ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: /kˠau^H/▼

Rime
Character	酵
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	肴 (90)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古孝切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠau^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚau^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kau^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨw^H/
Li Rong	/kau^H/
Wang Li	/kau^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kau^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiào

Old Chinese▼
(Zhengzhang): /*kruːs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	酵
Reading #	1/1
No.	13766
Phonetic component	孝
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	敎
Old Chinese	/*kruːs/

Definitions

酵

yeast
to yeast

Compounds

木瓜酵素
發酵／发酵 (fājiào)
發酵乳／发酵乳 (fājiàorǔ)
發酵乳酸／发酵乳酸

酵母 (jiàomǔ)
酵母菌
酵素 (jiàosù)

酵素毒
醱酵／酦酵
醱酵乳／酦酵乳

Japanese

Kanji

酵

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

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Readings

Goon: きょう (kyō)
Kan’on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
Kun: もと (moto, 酵)

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

酵 • (hyo) (hangeul 효)

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Vietnamese

Han character

酵 (diếu, giếu, dáo, giáo)

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