腎

See also: 肾
腎 U+814E, 腎
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-814E
← 腍
[U+814D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 腏 →
[U+814F]

Translingual

Han character

腎 (radical 130 肉+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 尸水月 (SEB), four-corner 77227, composition ⿱臤月)

Descendants

References

  • KangXi: page 987, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29621
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1439, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 2086, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+814E

Chinese

trad. 腎
simp. 肾

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (臣) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
臤 *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins
掔 *kʰriːn, *kʰiːn
慳 *kʰriːn
藖 *ɡriːn, *ɡriːns
堅 *kiːn
鋻 *kiːn, *kiːns
鰹 *kiːn
蜸 *kʰiːnʔ
菣 *kʰiːns, *kʰins
賢 *ɡiːn
礥 *ɡiːn, *ɢrin
臔 *ɡiːnʔ
挋 *kiŋs
臣 *ɡiŋ
茞 *ɡiŋ
腎 *ɡjinʔ
頣 *hŋiŋʔ
緊 *kinʔ
嚚 *ŋɡriŋ
鏗 *kʰreːŋ
摼 *kʰreːŋ
硻 *kʰreːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡjinʔ) : phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic ⺼ (“meat; flesh”) – a body part, the kidneys.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-k(j)un (“kidney”). Cognate with Burmese ကုန်း (kun:, “back”).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • san6 - literary (“kidney; testicle”);
  • san5, san5-2 - vernacular (“gizzard”).
Note:
  • sīn - literary;
  • siān/siǎn - vernacular.
Rime
Character 腎
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 常 (25)
Final (韻) 眞 (43)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 時忍切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /d͡ʑiɪnX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /d͡ʑinX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /d͡ʑjenX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /d͡ʑinX/
Li
Rong		 /ʑiĕnX/
Wang
Li		 /ʑĭĕnX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʑi̯ĕnX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shèn
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 腎
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shèn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ dzyinX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*Cə.[ɡ]i[n]ʔ/
English kidney

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 腎
Reading # 1/1
No. 1344
Phonetic
component		 臣
Rime
group		 眞
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 腎
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡjinʔ/

Definitions

腎

  1. (anatomy) kidney
  2. (traditional Chinese medicine) testicle
  3. (Cantonese) gizzard
    雞腎 / 鸡肾 [Cantonese]  ―  gai1 san5 [Jyutping]  ―  chicken gizzard

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 腎 (“kidney”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 腎、腎水、水藏
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 腎、腎臟
Mandarin Beijing 腰子、腎
Taiwan 腎、腰子
Harbin 腎
Jinan 腰子、腎
Muping 腰子、腎
Luoyang 腎
Xi'an 腎
Xining 腎
Xuzhou 腰子、腎
Yinchuan 腰子
Lanzhou 腰子
Ürümqi 腰子、腎
Wuhan 腰子
Chengdu 腎臟、腎
Guiyang 腰子
Yangzhou 腰子
Nanjing 腰子
Cantonese Guangzhou 腎
Hong Kong 腎
Dongguan 腎
Gan Lichuan 腰子
Pingxiang 腰子
Hakka Meixian 腎
Yudu 腰子
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 腰仔、腎家
Liudui (S. Sixian) 腰仔、腎家
Hsinchu (Hailu) 腰仔、腎家
Dongshi (Dabu) 腰、腎家
Zhuolan (Raoping) 腰仔、腎家
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 腰子
Huizhou Jixi 腰子
Jin Taiyuan 腰子、腎
Xinzhou 腰子
Min Bei Jian'ou 腰仔
Min Dong Fuzhou 腰子、腰心子、腎
Min Nan Xiamen 腰子
Quanzhou 腰子
Zhangzhou 腰子
Taipei 腰子
Kaohsiung 腰子
Tainan 腰子
Taichung 腰子
Hsinchu 腰子
Lukang 腰子
Sanxia 腰子
Yilan 腰子
Kinmen 腰子
Magong 腰子
Penang 腰子
Haikou 腎
Pinghua Nanning 腎
Wu Shanghai 腰子、腎臟
Suzhou 腰子
Hangzhou 腰子
Chongming 腰子
Danyang 腰子
Jinhua 腰子
Tangxi 腰
Ningbo 腎、腰子
Xiang Loudi 腰子
Dialectal synonyms of 睪丸 (“testicle”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 外腎、腎
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 睪丸、精巢
Mandarin Beijing 卵子兒
Harbin 卵子兒
Jinan 球蛋
Luoyang 蛋子兒、蛋
Jiedian 子
Xi'an 蛋子兒
Yinchuan 卵子
Lanzhou 脬子兒、腎
Ürümqi 脬卵子、卵子
Wuhan 卵子、卵蛋、卵坨
Chengdu 卵、卵蛋、蛋蛋、卵子、敲敲兒
Guiyang 卵蛋
Liuzhou 卵考子、考子
Yangzhou 卵蛋、卵子子
Nanjing 卵子
Cantonese Hong Kong 春、春子、波子
Hong Kong (Weitou) 核
Kuala Lumpur 春仔
Gan Lichuan 順子
Pingxiang 卵坨子
Hakka Meixian 核卵
Yudu 卵子
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 核卵
Liudui (S. Sixian) 核卵
Hsinchu (Hailu) 核卵
Dongshi (Dabu) 核卵
Zhuolan (Raoping) 核卵
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 核卵
Hong Kong 核卵
Sabah 核卵
Senai 核
Singkawang 核卵
Huizhou Jixi 卵子
Jin Xinzhou 蛋籽子
Min Dong Fuzhou 𡳞核子
Min Nan Xiamen 𡳞核、腎子
Quanzhou 𡳞核、腎子
Zhangzhou 𡳞核、腎子
Taipei 𡳞核、𡳞脬核仔
Kaohsiung 𡳞核、𡳞核仔
Tainan 𡳞核、𡳞核仔
Taichung 𡳞核仔
Wuqi 𡳞核
Hsinchu 𡳞核、𡳞核仔
Taitung 𡳞核仔
Lukang 𡳞核、𡳞核仔
Sanxia 𡳞核
Yilan 𡳞核
Kinmen 𡳞核
Magong 𡳞核
Penang 𡳞核、核、𡳞脬子
Shantou 𡳞核
Haifeng 𡳞脬核
Haikou 𡳞脬仁
Leizhou 𡳞脬子、𡳞脬核、核子
Pinghua Nanning 卵子
Wu Shanghai 卵子
Suzhou 卵子
Hangzhou 卵子
Wenzhou 卵子、卵袋子、陰袋子
Danyang 卵脬黃、卵子黃
Jinhua 老核子
Ningbo 卵黃、卵袋黃
Xiang Loudi 考子、卵子

Compounds

  • 腎虧／肾亏 (shènkuī)
  • 補腎／补肾
  • 賣腎／卖肾
  • 雕肝琢腎／雕肝琢肾
  • 雕肝鏤腎／雕肝镂肾
  • 雞腎／鸡肾
  • 鴨腎／鸭肾

Japanese

Etymology 1

/murato1/ → /murato/.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [murato]

Noun

腎 (hiragana むらと, rōmaji murato)

  1. kidney

Etymology 2

From earlier /murato/. Voicing suggests that it was originally a compound of mura and to.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [murado]

Noun

腎 (hiragana むらど, rōmaji murado)

  1. kidney
    • 931–938, Wamyō Ruijushō, book 2, page 35-36:
      腎 白虎通云 時忍反 上聲之重 无良度 [...] 水之精也 色黑 [...] 水藏也 [...]

Etymology 3

Kanji

腎

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

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Readings
Compounds

References

Korean

Hanja

腎 • (sin) (hangeul 신, revised sin, McCune–Reischauer sin, Yale sin)

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Vietnamese

Han character

腎 (thận)

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