瓦

瓦 U+74E6, 瓦
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-74E6
← 瓥
[U+74E5] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 瓧 →
[U+74E7]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

瓦 (radical 98, 瓦+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一女弓戈 (MVNI), four-corner 10717)

  1. Kangxi radical #98, ⽡.

Derived characters

  • Index:Chinese radical/瓦

References

  • KangXi: page 747, character 36
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21438
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1156, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1421, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+74E6

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 瓦
alt. forms 𪜂

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 瓦
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (瓦) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
瓦 *ŋʷraːlʔ, *ŋʷraːls
邷 *ŋʷraːlʔ

Pictogram (象形) – fired earthenware pottery, or a tile.

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • nguâ - colloquial (“tile”);
  • nguā - literary (“watt”).
Note:
  • hiā/huā/hiǎ/hǒa - vernacular;
  • góa - literary;
  • óa - literary (Zhangzhou, Taiwan), common variant (Xiamen, Quanzhou).
Note:
  • hia6 - vernacular;
  • ua2 - literary;
  • uag6 - vernacular (“watt”);
  • ua1 - literary (“watt”).
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 瓦
Mandarin Beijing /ua²¹⁴/
Harbin /ua²¹³/
/ua⁵³/
Tianjin /vɑ¹³/
Jinan /va⁵⁵/
Qingdao /va⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /ua⁵³/
Xi'an /ua⁵³/
Xining /ua⁵³/
Yinchuan /va⁵³/ ～房
/va¹³/ ～刀
Lanzhou /va⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /va⁵¹/
Wuhan /ua⁴²/
Chengdu /ua⁵³/
Guiyang /ua⁴²/
Kunming /ua̠⁵³/
Nanjing /uɑ²¹²/
Hefei /ua²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /va⁵³/ 磚～
/va⁴⁵/ 泥～匠
Pingyao /uɑ⁵³/ 名詞
/uɑ³⁵/ 動詞
Hohhot /va⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /ŋo²³/
Suzhou /ŋo³¹/
Hangzhou /ʔuɑ⁵³/
Wenzhou /ŋo³⁵/
Hui Shexian /ua³⁵/
/ŋa³⁵/
Tunxi /ŋɔ²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ua⁴¹/
Xiangtan /uɒ⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /uɑ²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /ŋa³¹/
Taoyuan /ŋɑ³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋa²³/
Nanning /ŋa²⁴/
Hong Kong /ŋa¹³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /gua⁵³/
/hia²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ua³²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ua⁴²/
Shantou (Min Nan) /ua⁵³/
/hia³⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /hia³³/
Rime
Character 瓦
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 麻 (99)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) II
Fanqie 五寡切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ŋˠuaX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ŋʷᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ŋuaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ŋwaɨX/
Li
Rong		 /ŋuaX/
Wang
Li		 /ŋwaX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ŋwaX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 wǎ
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 瓦
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 wǎ
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ngwæX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*C.ŋʷˤra[j]ʔ/
English roof tile

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 瓦
Reading # 1/2
No. 12601
Phonetic
component		 瓦
Rime
group		 歌
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 瓦
Old
Chinese		 /*ŋʷraːlʔ/

Definitions

瓦

  1. earthenware; earthenware pottery
  2. tile (roof covering)
  3. (historical) back of shield (arching, as if it is covered by tile)
  4. (historical) amusement park; market
  5. (historical, dialectal) protecting plate of wheel
  6. (music) Alternative name for 土 (tǔ, “earth”).
  7. Ancient placename in modern Hua County, Henan.
  8. Short for 瓦特 (wǎtè, “watt”).
  9. A surname​.

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Rime
Character 瓦
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 麻 (99)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) II
Fanqie 五化切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ŋˠuaH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ŋʷᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ŋuaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ŋwaɨH/
Li
Rong		 /ŋuaH/
Wang
Li		 /ŋwaH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ŋwaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 wà
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 瓦
Reading # 2/2
No. 12603
Phonetic
component		 瓦
Rime
group		 歌
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 瓦
Old
Chinese		 /*ŋʷraːls/

Definitions

瓦

  1. † to tile; to cover with tiles

Compounds

  • 瓦刀

Japanese

Kanji

瓦

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. tile
  2. gram, gramme

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
瓦
かわら
Grade: S
kun’yomi

/kapara/ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/

Probably from Sanskrit कपालः (kapāla, “cup, bowl, skull”),[1][2] possibly via 迦波羅 (MC kɨɑ|kˠa puɑ lɑ). Along with Buddhism, roof tiles came to Japan in the Asuka period.

Cognate with 骨, 䯊 (kawara, “a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap”).

Folk etymologies include:

  • from 変わら (kawara), the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 変わる (kawaru, “to change”), from the idea that tiles were produced by changing the clay into pottery through firing

Pronunciation

Noun

瓦 (hiragana かわら, rōmaji kawara, historical hiragana かはら)

  1. roof tile

Etymology 2

Abbreviation of transliterated ateji (当て字) spelling 瓦 (グ)蘭 (ラ)姆 (ム) (guramu), attested in the Meiji period. The term グラム (guramu) itself was borrowed from either English gram or French gramme.[1][2]

Once considered a 国字 (kokuji, “national character”, a kanji coined in Japan), another example being 瓲 (トン) (ton, “ton, tonne”).

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)

Noun

瓦 (katakana グラム, rōmaji guramu)

  1. (dated) symbol for gram, gramme

Derived terms

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1 2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean

Hanja

瓦 • (wa) (hangeul 와, revised wa, McCune–Reischauer wa, Yale wa)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

瓦 (ngõa, ngói, ngoa)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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