然而
Chinese
so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right |
and; as well as; but (not); yet (not); (shows causal relation); (shows change of state); (shows contrast) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (然而) |
然 | 而 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄢˊ ㄦˊ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ranelr
- IPA (key): /ʐa̠n³⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵/
-
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: jin4 ji4
- Yale: yìhn yìh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jin4 ji4
- Guangdong Romanization: yin4 yi4
- IPA (key): /jiːn²¹ jiː²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liân-lî
- Tâi-lô: liân-lî
- Phofsit Daibuun: lienlii
- IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /liɛn²⁴⁻²² li²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jiân-jî
- Tâi-lô: jiân-jî
- Phofsit Daibuun: jienjii
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ʑiɛn¹³⁻²² d͡ʑi¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 然 | 而 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (77) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 如延切 | 如之切 |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ȵiᴇn/ | /ȵɨ/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ȵiɛn/ | /ȵɨ/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ȵʑjæn/ | /ȵʑie/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ȵian/ | /ȵɨ/ |
| Li Rong |
/ȵiɛn/ | /ȵiə/ |
| Wang Li |
/ȵʑĭɛn/ | /ȵʑĭə/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ȵʑi̯ɛn/ | /ȵʑi/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
rán | ér |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 然 | 而 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
rán | ér |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ nyen › | ‹ nyi › |
| Old Chinese |
/*[n]a[n]/ | /*nə/ |
| English | so, thus; (adv suffix) | and, but |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 然 | 而 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 10756 | 2720 |
| Phonetic component |
肰 | 而 |
| Rime group |
元 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision |
2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
然 | 而 |
| Old Chinese |
/*njen/ | /*njɯ/ |
Conjunction
然而
Synonyms
| Dialectal synonyms of 但是 (“but; however”) [map] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 但是、但、可是、不過、然而 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 但是、但、可是、不過 |
| Taiwan | 但是、但、可是、不過 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 但係、不過、之不過 |
| Hong Kong | 但係、不過、之不過 | |
| Taishan | 但係 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 但係 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 但係、毋過 | |
| Liudui (S. Sixian) | 但係、毋過 | |
| Hsinchu (Hailu) | 但係、毋過 | |
| Dongshi (Dabu) | 但係、毋過 | |
| Zhuolan (Raoping) | 但係、毋過 | |
| Yunlin (Zhao'an) | 毋過 | |
| Min Dong | Matsu | 但是 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 但是、毋過、毋句、不過、不而過 |
| Quanzhou | 但是、毋句、不過、不而過 | |
| Zhangzhou | 但是、毋過、不過、不而過 | |
| Taipei | 但是、毋過、不而過 | |
| Penang | tapi、但是 | |
| Singapore | tapi | |
| Medan | tapi | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 但是、必過、不過 |
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