堪

堪 U+582A, 堪
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-582A
← 堩
[U+5829] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 堫 →
[U+582B]

Translingual

Han character

堪 (radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土廿一女 (GTMV), four-corner 44111, composition ⿰土甚)

References

  • KangXi: page 233, character 27
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5266
  • Dae Jaweon: page 471, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 460, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+582A

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 堪

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 堪
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (甚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
湛 *ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um
媅 *ʔl'uːm
黮 *l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ
糂 *sluːmʔ
堪 *kʰluːm
戡 *kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ
嵁 *kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm
歁 *kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb
勘 *kʰluːms
磡 *kʰuːms
墈 *kʰuːms
偡 *r'uːmʔ
碪 *ʔl'um
椹 *ʔl'um
揕 *ʔl'ums
踸 *l̥ʰumʔ
鍖 *l̥ʰumʔ
斟 *kljum
諶 *ɡljum
愖 *ɡljum
瘎 *ɡljum
煁 *ɡljum
甚 *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums
葚 *ɦljumʔ

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 堪
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 覃 (159)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 口含切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kʰʌm/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kʰəm/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kʰɒm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kʰəm/
Li
Rong		 /kʰᴀm/
Wang
Li		 /kʰɒm/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kʰăm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 kān
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 堪
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 kān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ khom ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[kʰ]ˤ[ə]m/
English able to bear

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 堪
Reading # 1/1
No. 11271
Phonetic
component		 甚
Rime
group		 侵
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 龕
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰluːm/

Definitions

堪

  1. may; to be capable of
  2. to bear; to stand; to resist

Compounds


Japanese

Kanji

堪

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. withstand
  2. endure
  3. support
  4. resist

Readings

Korean

Hanja

堪 • (gam) (hangeul 감)

  1. adequately capable of
  2. worthy of

Vietnamese

Han character

堪 (kham, khom, khăm)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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