下二段活用
Japanese
Etymology
| Kanji in this term | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 下 | 二 | 段 | 活 | 用 |
| しも Grade: 1 |
に Grade: 1 |
だん Grade: 6 |
かつ Grade: 2 |
よう Grade: 2 |
A compound of 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) and 活用 (katsuyō, “conjugation”). Lower bigrade verbs eventually change into lower monograde. Lower refers to the -e- suffix and contrasts with the upper -i-, while bigrade refers to the two-way e/u variation.
Pronunciation
Noun
下二段活用 (hiragana しもにだんかつよう, rōmaji shimo nidan katsuyō, historical hiragana しもにだんくわつよう)
- (grammar) lower bigrade conjugation, a verbal conjugation class with the following inflections: e | e | u | uru | ure | e[yo]. Examples:
| Imperfective (未然形) | Continuative (連用形) | Terminal (終止形) | Attributive (連体形) | Realis (已然形) (modern Hypothetical (仮定形)) |
Imperative (命令形) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| uk- "to receive" | uk-e2 | uk-e2 | uk-u | uk-uru | uk-ure | uk-e2[yo2] |
| nig- "to flee" | nig-e2 | nig-e2 | nig-u | nig-uru | nig-ure | nig-e2[yo2] |
| tab- "to eat" | tab-e2 | tab-e2 | tab-u | tab-uru | tab-ure | tab-e2[yo2] |
The subscripts in the table above indicate differences in vowel class that were already being lost in Old Japanese. It remains unclear what those different vowel classes may have meant. See the Syllables section in the Wikipedia article on Old Japanese for more details.
Related terms
See also
- 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō)
References
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