ὅς

See also: -ος

Ancient Greek

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)os/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /os/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /os/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /os/

Etymology 1

PIE word
*éy

From Proto-Indo-European *yós, *yéh₂, *yód (“who, which”), from the relative stem *yo-, from the anaphoric stem *i-, *ey-. Cognates include Sanskrit यद् (yás, yā, yad), Avestan 𐬫𐬋‎ (yō), and Phrygian ιος (yos). See also οἷος (hoîos), ὅσος (hósos).

Pronoun

ὅς • (hós) m , ἥ f (hḗ), ὅ n (hó)

(in Homeric Greek, often demonstrative pronoun) this
(relative) who, which, that

Inflection

First and second declension of ὅς, ἥ, ὅ

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ὅς	ἥ	ὅ	ὥ	ἅ	ὥ	οἵ	αἵ	ἅ
Genitive	οὗ	ἧς	οὗ	οἷν	αἷν	οἷν	ὧν	ὧν	ὧν
Dative	ᾧ	ᾗ	ᾧ	οἷν	αἷν	οἷν	οἷς	αἷς	οἷς
Accusative	ὅν	ἥν	ὅ	ὥ	ἅ	ὥ	οὕς	ἅς	ἅ

Derived terms

ὡς (hōs)
οἷος (hoîos)

type	interrogative	indefinite	(medial) demonstrative	proximal demonstrative	distal demonstrative	relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
basic	τίς	τις	†ὁ, οὗτος	ὅδε	ἐκεῖνος	ὅς	ὅστις	ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός	ἕτερος, ἄλλος
dual	πότερος	πότερος, ποτερός				ὁπότερος
quality	ποῖος	ποιός	†τοῖος, τοιοῦτος	τοιόσδε		οἷος	ὁποῖος	ὅμοιος	ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος
quantity	πόσος	ποσός	†τόσος, τοσοῦτος	τοσόσδε		ὅσος	ὁπόσος
manner	πῶς	πως	†τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως	ὧδε		ὡς	ὅπως	ὁμῶς	ἑτέρως, ἄλλως
method, path place	πῇ	πῃ	τῇ, ταύτῃ	τῇδε	ἐκείνῃ	ᾗ	ὅπῃ		ἄλλῃ
place	ποῦ, †πόθι	που, †ποθί	ἐνταῦθα		ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι	οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι	ὅπου, †ὁπόθι	αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ	ἄλλοθι
source	πόθεν	ποθέν	†τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν		ἐκεῖθεν	ὅθεν	ὁπόθεν	†ὁμόθεν	ἄλλοθεν
destination	ποῖ, †πόσε	ποι	ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε	ἐκεῖσε	οἷ	ὅποι, †ὁπόσε	αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε	ἄλλοσε
time	πότε, πῆμος	ποτέ	τότε, τῆμος	τημόσδε		ὅτε, ἦμος	ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος	ἅμα	ἄλλοτε
exact time	πηνίκα	πηνίκα	†τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα	τηνικάδε		ἡνίκα	ὁπηνίκα	αὐτίκα
size, age	πηλίκος	πηλίκος	†τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος	τηλικόσδε		ἡλίκος	ὁπηλίκος	ὁμῆλιξ
repetition	ποσάκις, ποσίνδα	ποσάκις	τουτάκις, τόσακις			†ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις	ὁποσάκις
multiplication	ποσαπλάσιος					ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων
order	πόστος	ποστός					ὁπόστος
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions.

References

ὅς, ἥ, ὅ in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), “Part II: Inflection”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 338: relative pronoun
William Bedell Stanford (1959) [1947]. "Introduction, Grammatical Introduction". Homer: Odyssey I-XII 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education Ltd. p. lxiii, § 12.1 12.2.

Etymology 2

PIE word
*swé

Like ἕ (hé, “him”), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun). Cognate with Sanskrit स्व (svá). See also ἑός (heós).

Alternative forms

ἑός (heós) – Epic, Doric
ἱός (hiós) – Boeotian

Adjective

ὅς • (hós) m (feminine ἥ, neuter ὅν); first/second declension

(third person singular possessive adjective)

(with noun) his, her, its
(as substantive, sometimes with article) his, hers
1. (in the plural) his or her people, friends, family; his possessions

Inflection

First and second declension of ὅς, ἥ, ὅν

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ὅς	ἥ	ὅν	ὥ	ἅ	ὥ	οἵ	αἵ	ἅ
Genitive	οὗ	ἧς	οὗ	οἷν	αἷν	οἷν	ὧν	ὧν	ὧν
Dative	ᾧ	ᾗ	ᾧ	οἷν	αἷν	οἷν	οἷς	αἷς	οἷς
Accusative	ὅν	ἥν	ὅν	ὥ	ἅ	ὥ	οὕς	ἅς	ἅ

References

ὅς, ἥ, ὅν in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
William Bedell Stanford (1959) [1947]. "Introduction, Grammatical Introduction". Homer: Odyssey I-XII 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education Ltd. p. lxiii, § 12.1.
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

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