ꜣ

See also: Ꜣ

ꜣ U+A723, ꜣ
LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF
← Ꜣ
[U+A722] 		Latin Extended-D Ꜥ →
[U+A724]

Translingual

Letter

ꜣ

  1. The lowercase letter alef, used in most Egyptian transliteration schemes to represent the sound of the hieroglyph
    A
    .

See also

Egyptian

Pronunciation

Noun

A

 m

  1. the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) [Pyramid Texts]
    • c. 2338–2287 BCE, Pyramid of King Pepi I, south wall of the vestibule, Pyramid Text spell 539, section 1:
      Dtp
      Z1
      n      		 <
      ra
      mr      		 ii
      		>p
      n      		 mApr
      r      		 f
      r      		 f
      S      		 Swwiifr
      f      		 ir
      p      		 t
      pt
      ḏd-(mdw) tp n(j) mry-rꜥ pn m ꜣ pr.f r.f šwy.f r.f jr pt
      Recitation (of words): The head of this Meryra is as a vulture, so he should go forth, so he should soar up to the sky.
  2. a bird in general [11th Dynasty]
    • c. 2061–2010 BCE, Stela of Irtisen, Louvre C14, lines 9–10:
      iwr
      x
      Y1      		 k
      w      		 Sm
      t      		 t
      w      		  
      t      		 A53D54
      t
      Z1      		 B24a
      xrp
      a      		 [sic]wnw
      Z1      		 AZ1
             		 mD
      Z1
      jw(.j) rḫ.kw šmt twt nmtt rpwt ꜥḥꜥw nw ꜣ mḏw-wꜥ
      I know the gait of a male figure, the stride of a female figure, and the stances of the eleven birds.

Inflection

Alternative forms

Particle

A

 enclitic

  1. intensifying or emphasizing particle, indeed [Pyramid Texts to New Kingdom and Greco-Roman Period]
  2. (in clauses with a verbal predicate in the perfect) marks a statement as hypothetical or contrafactual
  3. (Neo-Middle Egyptian) also, and [Greco-Roman Period]

Usage notes

This particle is enclitic; it follows the word which it is intensifying or marking as contrafactual. It can also apply its effect to whole phrases. Often the exact nuance imparted by this particle is unclear.

Frequently this particle is found following (and thus adding emphasis to) jsk, ḥwj, m.k, or ḥꜣ, and in the Pyramid Texts it is also found in nominal sentences preceding pw. In Neo-Middle Egyptian it precedes rather than follows (j)sk and js but is often found following jw.

Alternative forms

Derived terms

Descendants

(possibly:)

  • Late Egyptian: yꜣ (see there for further descendants)

Verb

AD56

  1. (intransitive, with n) to enter or tread (a place)? [from Papyrus Westcar]
  2. (intransitive, of feet) to tread [Greco-Roman period]

Usage notes

Gardiner considers the proper interpretation of this word “impossible in the lack of better evidence”. It is a dis legomenon, with only two certain attested occurrences (but possibly up to four in total).

Alternative forms

Verb

AD56N23Z1

  1. Only used in jrj ꜣ r gs; possibly a variant of the verb ‘to tread’ above. [from Papyrus Westcar]

References

  • Allen, James (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, revised second edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, § 16.7, 18.8, page 196, 234
  • Faulkner, Raymond (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 1
  • Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1926-1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 1.1–1.10
  • Gardiner, Alan (1948) “The First Two Pages of the Wörterbuch” in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 34, p. 12–13
  • Gardiner, Alan (1957) Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, revised 3rd edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, § 245, page 184
  • Meeks, Dimitri (2010) Dictionnaire égyptien ancien-français, Fascicule 1: ꜣ-ꜣbḏw, Montpellier: Institut d’Égyptologie François Daumas, page 1–2
  • Wilson, Penelope (1991) A Lexicographical Study of the Ptolemaic Texts in the Temple of Edfu, Liverpool: University of Liverpool, page 1–2
  • Allen, James (2013) A New Concordance of the Pyramid Texts, volume V, Providence: Brown University, PT 539.1 (Pyr. 1303a), Pepi I
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